Syzygy (astronomy)

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Above the round domes of La Silla Observatory, three astronomical objects in the Solar System — Jupiter (top), Venus (lower left), and Mercury (lower right).^[1]

In astronomy, a syzygy /ˈsɪzɨdʒi/ (from the Ancient Greek suzugos (σύζυγος) meaning, "yoked together"^[2]) is a straight-line configuration of three celestial bodies in a gravitational system.^[3]

Mercury transiting the Sun as viewed by the Curiosity rover on Mars (June 3, 2014).^[4]

The word is often used in reference to the Sun, Earth and either the Moon or a planet, where the latter is in conjunction or opposition. Solar and lunar eclipses occur at times of syzygy, as do transits and occultations. The term is often applied when the Sun and Moon are in conjunction (new moon) or opposition (full moon).^[5]
The word syzygy is often loosely used to describe interesting configurations of planets in general. For example, one such case occurred on March 21, 1894 around 23:00 GMT, when Mercury transited the Sun as seen from Venus, and Mercury and Venus both simultaneously transited the Sun as seen from Saturn. It is also used to describe situations when all the planets are on the same side of the Sun although they are not necessarily in a straight line, such as on March 10, 1982.^[6]
On June 3, 2014, the Curiosity rover observed the planet Mercury transiting the Sun, marking the first time a planetary transit has been observed from a celestial body besides Earth.^[4]

Occultations, transits, and eclipses

This article or section may need to be cleaned up or summarized. This section has been split to Occultation.

An occultation occurs when an apparently larger body passes the next planet in front of an apparently smaller one. A transit occurs when a smaller body passes in front of a larger one. In the combined case where the smaller body regularly transits the larger object, an occultation is also termed a secondary eclipse.
An eclipse occurs when a body disappears or partially disappears from view, either by an occultation, as with a solar eclipse, or by passing into the shadow of another body, as with a lunar eclipse (thus both are listed on NASA's eclipse page).
Transits, occultations and eclipses in general are all effects of a syzygy.
Transits and occultations of the sun by Earth's moon are called solar eclipses regardless of whether the sun is completely or partially covered. By extension, transits of the sun by a satellite of a planet may also be called eclipses, as with the transits of Phobos and Deimos shown on NASA's JPL photojournal, as may the passage of a satellite into the planet's shadow, as with this eclipse of Phobos. The term eclipse is also used more generally for bodies passing in front of one another. For example, a NASA Astronomy Picture of the Day refers to the Moon eclipsing and occulting Saturn interchangeably.

Effects

The gravitational effects of syzygies on planets, especially Earth, are still being studied. It is known that the gravitational stress on the Moon during a Sun–Earth–Moon syzygy can trigger a moonquake, a seismic event on the Moon similar in some ways to an earthquake.^[7] So far, no evidence has been found that the Sun–Earth–Moon syzygy can trigger earthquakes. It is considered highly unlikely that any correlation between syzygy and earthquakes exists. This is because Earth is 82 times more massive than the Moon, and thus the gravitational force on Earth from the Moon is trivial compared to the mass of Earth.^[8][9]
There is no controversy about the effect of a syzygy on ocean tides. The syzygy produces the more powerful spring tide due to the combined gravitational effect of the Sun with that of the Moon. The spring tides (highest tides) occur at full moon and new moon times while the neap tides (lowest tides) occur when the sun and moon are at right angles in the first and third quarters of the moon's cycle. Spring and neap tides are about 20% higher and lower, respectively, than normal tides.^[10]

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References

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1. "Three Planets Dance Over La Silla". ESO Picture of the Week. Retrieved 5 June 2013.
2. "Definition of syzygy | Collins English Dictionary". Retrieved 22 August 2012.
3. Her Majesty's Nautical Almanac Office and United States Naval Observatory (2012). "Syzygy". Glossary, The Astronomical Almanac Online. Retrieved 2012-09-13.
4. Webster, Guy (June 10, 2014). "Mercury Passes in Front of the Sun, as Seen From Mars". NASA. Retrieved June 10, 2014.
5. Coyle, Harold P. (2008). "Syzygy". AccessScience. ©McGraw-Hill Companies. Retrieved May 5, 2012.
6. "Ideas & Trends in Summary; It's All Right To Come Out Now". New York Times. March 14, 1982. Retrieved July 25, 2011.
7. Latham, Gary; Ewing, Maurice; Dorman, James; Lammlein, David; Press, Frank; Toksőz, Naft; Sutton, George; Duennebier, Fred; Nakamura, Yosio (1972). "Moonquakes and lunar tectonism". Earth, Moon, and Planets 4 (3–4): 373–382. Bibcode:1972Moon....4..373L. doi:10.1007/BF00562004.
8. John Roach (May 23, 2005). "Can the Moon Cause Earthquakes?". National Geographic News. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
9. Kennedy, Matthew; John E. Vidale; Michael G. Parker (September–October 2004). "Earthquakes and the Moon: Syzygy Predictions Fail the Test". Seismological Research Letters 75 (5): 607–612. doi:10.1785/gssrl.75.5.607. Retrieved May 5, 2012.
10. Matt Rosenberg. "Tides: The Sun and Moon Affect the Oceans". Retrieved May 10, 2012.

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• Eclipses