THE KILLINGS OF 'WITCHES' The following are all documented incidents in the killings of 'w

                    THE KILLINGS OF "WITCHES"

The following are all documented incidents in the killings of
"witches."  ONLY incidents solely relating to witchcraft accusations
have been included. Bear in mind that this is probably NOT all of
them. Some were guilty. Most were probably innocent. Some were
"Satanists," others were not. Some were just senile. ALL on this list
died as a result of a witchcraft accusation.

                        ******************

 Adamson, Francis: executed at Durham, England, in 1652
 lbano, Peter of: died in prison circa 1310
 Allen, Joan: hanged at the Old Bailey, London, England, in 1650
 Allen, Jonet: burned in Scotland in 1661
 Amalaric, Madeline: burned in France in mid-1500's
 Ancker, (first name unknown): beheaded at Wurzburg, Germany, 1628-1629
 Andrius, Barthelemy: burned at Carcassonne, France in 1330
 Andrius, Jean: burned at Carcassonne, France in 1330
 Andrius, Phillippe: burned at Carcassonne, France in 1330
 Arnold, (first name unknown): hanged at Barking, England, in 1574
 d'Arc, Joan: burned at Rouen, France, on 30 May, 1431 (note: the
    witchcraft charge in this case was -implied- and not specific)
 Ashby, Anne: hanged at Maidstone, England, in July, 1652
 Askew, Anne: burned for witchcraft 1546
 Audibert, Etienne: condemned for witchcraft in France, on 20 March 1619
 Aupetit, Pierre: burned at Bordeaux, France, in 1598


 Babel, Zuickel: beheaded at Wurzburg, Germany, 1628-1629
 Babel, (first name unknown): beheaded at Wurzburg, Germany, 1628-1629
 Baker, Anne: executed in Leicester, England, in 1619
 Balcoin, Marie: burned in the reign of Henry IV of France
 Balfour, Alison: burned at Edinburgh, Scotland, on 16 December, 1594
 Bannach, (husband) (first name unknown): beheaded at Wurzburg, Germany,
          1628-1629
 Bannach, (wife) (first name unknown): beheaded at Wurzburg, Germany,
1628-1629
 Barber, Mary: executed in Northhampton, England, on 22 July, 1612
 Barker, Janet: burned in Scotland in 1643
 Baroni, Catterina: beheaded and burned at Castelnovo, Italy, on 14 April,
1647
 Barthe, Angela de la: burned at Toulouse, France, in 1275
 Barton, William: executed in Scotland (year unknown)
 Basser, Fredrick: beheaded at Wurzburg, Germany, 1628-1629
 Batsch, (first name unknown): beheaded at Wurzburg, Germany, 1628-1629
 Bayerin, Anna: executed at Salzburg, Austria, in 1751
 Beaumont, Sieur de: accused of witchcraft on 21 October, 1596
 Bebelin, Gabriel: beheaded at Wurzburg, Germany, 1628-1629
 Beck, Viertel: beheaded at Wurzburg, Germany, 1628-1629
 Beck, (first name unknown): beheaded at Wurzburg, Germany, 1628-1629
 Belon, Jean: executed in France, in 1597
 Berger, Christopher: beheaded at Wurzburg, Germany, 1628-1629
 Berrye, Agnes: hanged at Enfield, England, in 1616
 Bentz, (mother) (first name unknown): beheaded at Wurzburg, Germany,
1628-1629
 Bentz, (daughter) (first name unknown): beheaded at Wurzburg, Germany,
        1628-1629
 Beuchel, Anna: burned at Waldsee, Germany, in 1581
 Beutler, (first name unknown) beheaded at Wurzburg, Germany, 1628-1629
 Bill, Arthur: executed in Northhampton, England, on 22 July, 1612
 Birenseng, Agata: burned at Waldsee, Germany, on 25 June, 1594
 Bishop, Briget: hanged at Salem, New England on 10 June, 1692
 Bodenham, Anne: hanged at Salisbury, England, in 1653
 Bonnet, Jean: burned alive at Boissy-en-Ferez, France, in 1583
 Boram, (mother) (first name unknown): hung at Bury St Edmunds, England, in
        1655
 Boram, (daughter) (first name unknown): hung at Bury St Edmunds, England, in
        1655
 Bolingbroke, Roger: hanged, drawn and quartered at Tyburn, England, on 18
                     November, 1441
 Boulay, Anne: burned at Nancy, France, in 1620
 Boulle, Thomas: burned alive at Rouen, France, on 21 August, 1647
 Bowman, Janet: burned in Scotland in 1572
 Bragadini, Mark Antony: beheaded in Italy in the 1500's
 Brickmann, (first name unknown) beheaded at Wurzburg, Germany, 1628-1629
 Brose, Elizabeth: tortured to death in the castle of Gommern, Germany, on
        4 November, 1660
 Brown, Janet: burned in Scotland in 1643
 Browne, Agnes: executed in Northhampton, England, on 22 July, 1612
 Browne, Joan: executed in Northhampton, England, on 22 July, 1612
 Browne, Mary: hanged at Maidstone, England, in July, 1652
 Brooks, Jane: hanged in England on 26 March, 1658
 Brugh, John: burned in Scotland in 1643
 Buckh, Appollonia: burned at Waldsee, Germany, in 1581
 Bugler, (first name unknown): beheaded at Wurzburg, Germany, 1628-1629
 Bulcock, John: executed in Lancaster, England, in 1612
 Bulcock, Jane: executed in Lancaster, England, in 1612
 Bull, Edmund: hanged at Taunton, England, in 1631
 Bulmer, Matthew: hanged at Newcastle, England, in 1649
 Burroughs, George: executed at Salem, New England, on 19 August, 1692
 Bursten-Binderin, (first name unknown) beheaded at Wurzburg, Germany, 1628-
                   1629


 Calles, Helen: executed at Braynford, England, on 1 December, 1595
 Camelli, Domenica: beheaded and burned at Castelnovo, Italy, on 14 April,
1647
Canzler, (first name unknown) beheaded at Wurzburg, Germany, 1628-1629
 Carrier, Martha: executed at Salem, New England, on 19 August, 1692
 Caveden, Lucia: beheaded and burned at Castelnovo, Italy, on 14 April, 1647
 Cemola, Zinevra: beheaded and burned at Castelnovo, Italy, on 14 April, 1647
 Corey, Martha: executed at Salem, New England, on 22 September, 1692
 Corey, Giles: prssed to death at Salem, New England, on 19 September, 1692
 Corset, Janet: killed by a mob at Pittenweem, Scotland, in 1704
 Challiot, (first name unknown): murdered at St. Georges, France, in
February,
           1922
 Chalmers, Bessie: tried for witchcraft in Inverkiething, Scotland 1621
 Chambers, (first name unknown): died in prison, in England, in 1693
 Chamoulliard, (first name unknown): burned in France, in 1597
 de Chantraine, Anne: burned as a witch in Waret-la-Chaussee, France, on
                      October 17, 1622
 Chatto, Marioun: tried for witchcraft in Inverkiething, Scotland 1621
 Ciceron, Andre: burned alive at Carcassone, France, in 1335
 Cockie, Isabel: burnt as a witch, at a cost of 105 s. 4 p., in England 1596
 Cox, Julian: executed at Taunton, England, in 1663
 Couper, Marable: burned in the north of Scotland in 1622
 Craw, William: burned in Scotland in 1680
 Crots, (son) (first name unknown): beheaded at Wurzburg, Germany, 1628-1629
 Cullender, Rose: executed at Bury St Edmunds, England, on 17 March 1664
 Cumlaquoy, Marian: burned at Orkney, Scotland in 1643
 Cunningham, John: burned at Edinburgh, in January, 1591
 Cunny, Joan: hanged in Chelmsford, England, in 1589

 Deiner, Hans: burned at Waldsee, Germany (year unknown)
 Delort, Catherine: burned at Toulouse, France, in 1335
 Demdike, Elizabeth: convicted, but died in prison, in Lancaster, England,
                     in 1612
 DeMolay, Jacques: Grand Master of the Templars, burned in France on
                   22 March 1312
 Desbordes, (first name unknown): burned in France, in 1628
 Deshayes, Catherine: burned on 22 February, 1680
 Device, Elizabeth: executed in Lancaster, England, in 1612
 Device, James: executed in Lancaster, England, in 1612
 Device, Alizon: executed in Lancaster, England, in 1612
 Doree, Catherine: executed at Courveres, France, in 1577
 Dorlady, Mansfredo: burned at Vesoul, France as being the Devil's banker, on
                     18 January, 1610
 Dorlady, Fernando: burned at Vesoul, France as being the Devil's banker, on
                    18 January, 1610
 Dormar, Anna: burned at Waldsee, Germany, on 9 October, 1586
 Douglas, Janet: burned at Castle, Hill, Scotland, on 17 July, 1557
 Drummond, Alexander: executed in Edinburgh, Scotland, in 1670
 "Dummy" (name unknown; he was deaf-and-dumb): killed by a mob at Sible
         Hedingham, England, on 3 August, 1865
Duncan, Gellie: hanged in Scotland in 1591
 Dunhome, Margaret: burned in Scotland (year unknown)
 Dunlop, Bessie: burned at Castle Hill, Edinburgh, Scotland, in 1576
 Duny, Amy: executed at Bury St Edmunds, England, on 17 March, 1664
 Dyneis, Jonka: burned in the north of Scotland in 1622
 Easty, Mary: executed at Salem, New England, on 22 September, 1692
 Echtinger, Barbara: imprisoned for life at Waldsee, Germany, on 24 August,
                     1545
 Edelfrau, (first name unknown): beheaded at Wurzburg, Germany, 1628-1629
 Edwards, Susanna: hanged at Bideford, England in 1682
 Einseler, Catharina: burned at Waldsee, Germany, on 6 July, 1581
 Erb, Anna: burned at Waldsee, Germany, on 9 March, 1586
 Eyering, (first name unknown): beheaded at Wurzburg, Germany, 1628-1629

 Fian, John: hanged at Edinburgh, Scotland, in 1591
 Fief, Mary le: of Samur, France, accused of witchcraft, on 13 October 1573
 Fleischbaum, (first name unknown): beheaded at Wurzburg, Germany, 1628-1629
 Flieger, Catharina: burned at Waldsee, Germany, on 6 July, 1581
 Flower, Joan: died before trial, at Lincoln, England, 1619
 Flower, Margaret: executed at Lincoln, England, in March, 1619
 Flower, Phillippa: executed at Lincoln, England, in March, 1619
 Foster, Anne: hanged at Northhampton, England, in 1674
 Fray, Ursula: burned at Waldsee, Germany, on 12 June, 1587
 Fray, Margaret: burned at Waldsee, Germany, on 25 June, 1594
 Fynnie, Agnes: burned in Scotland in 1643
 Gabley, (first name unknown): executed at King's Lynn, England, in 1582
 Galigai, Leonora: beheaded at the Place de Grieve, France, on 8 July, 1617
 Garnier, Gilles: burned as a werewolf in Dole, France 1574
 Gaufridi, Louis: burned at Marseilles, France, at 5:00 pm on 30 April, 1611
 Geissler, Clara: strangled at Gelnhausen, Germany circa 1630
 Georgel, Anna Marie de: burned at Toulouse, France, in 1335
 Geraud, Hughes: burned in France in 1317
 Gering, (first name unknown): beheaded at Wurzburg, Germany, 1628-1629
 Glaser, (first name unknown): beheaded at Wurzburg, Germany, 1628-1629
 Glover, Goody: hanged at Salem, New England, in 1688
 Gobel, Barbara: burned at Wurzburg, Germany, 1628-1639
 Goeldi, Anna: hanged at Glaris, Switzerland, on 17 June, 1782
 Goldschmidt, (first name unknown): beheaded at Wurzburg, Germany, 1628-1629
 Good, Sarah: executed at Salem, New England, on 19 July, 1692
 Grandier, Urbain, burned at Loudon, France, on 18 August, 1634
 Goodridge, Alse: executed at Darbie, England, in 1597
 Gratiadei, Domenica: beheaded and burned at Castelnovo, Italy, on 14 April,
                      1647
 Green, Ellen: executed in Leicester, England, in 1619
 Greensmith, (first name unknown): hanged in Hartford, New England, on 20
             January, 1662
Greland, Jean: burned at Chamonix, France, in 1438, with 10 others
 Grierson, Isobel: burned in Scotland in March, 1607
 Gutbrod, (first name unknown:) beheaded at Wurzburg, Germany, 1628-1629

 Haan, George: burned at Bamberg, Germany, circa 1626, with his wife,
       daughter, and son
 Hacket, Margaret: executed at Tyburn, England, on 19 February, 1585
 Hamilton, Margaret: burned in Scotland in 1680
 Hafner, (son) (first name unknown): beheaded at Wurzburg, Germany, 1628-1629
 Hammellmann, Melchoir: beheaded at Wurzburg, Germany, 1628-1629
 Hamyltoun, Christiane: tried for witchcraft in Inverkiething, Scotland 1621
 Hans, David: beheaded at Wurzburg, Germany, 1628-1629
 Hans, Kilian: beheaded at Wurzburg, Germany, 1628-1629
 Harfner, (first name unknown): hanged herself in the prison of Bamberg,
          1628-1629
 Harlow, Bessie: tried for witchcraft in Inverkiething, Scotland 1621
 Harrisson, Joanna, and her daughter: executed in Hertford, England, in 1606
 Harvilliers, Jeanne: executed in France, in 1578
 Haus, (wife) (first name unknown): beheaded at Wurzburg, Germany, 1628-1629
 Hennot, Catherine: burned alive in Germany in 1627
 Henry III, King of France: assassinated on 1 August, 1589
 Hewitt, Katherine: executed in Lancaster, England, in 1612
 Hezensohn, Joachim: beheaded at Waldsee, Germany, in 1557
 Hibbins, Anne: hanged in Boston, Massachusetts on 19 June, 1656
Hirsch, Nicodemus: beheaded at Wurzburg, Germany, 1628-1629
 Hoecker, (first name unknown): beheaded at Wurzburg, Germany, 1628-1629
 Hofschmidt, (first name unknown): beheaded at Wurzburg, Germany, 1628-1629
 Holtzmann, Stoffel: beheaded at Wurzburg, Germany, 1628-1629
 Hofseiler, (first name unknown): beheaded at Wurzburg, Germany, 1628-1629
 Hoppo, (first name unknown): executed in Germany in 1599
 How, Elizabeth: executed at Salem, New England, on 19 July, 1692
 Hoyd, Anna: burned at Waldsee, Germany, on 24 November, 1586
 Huebmeyer, Barbara: burned at Waldsee, Germany, on 11 September, 1589
 Huebmeyer, Appela: burned at Waldsee, Germany, on 11 September, 1589
 Hunt, Joan: hanged in Middlesex, England in 1615
 Hunter, Alexander: burned at Edinburgh, Scotland, in 1629
 Huxley, Catherine: hanged at Worcester, England in the summer of 1652


 Isel, Ursula: burned at Waldsee, Germany, on 7 November, 1586
 Isolin, Madlen: burned at Waldsee, Germany, on 6 July, 1581
 Jacobs, George: executed at Salem, New England, on 19 August, 1692
 Jenkenson, Helen: executed in Northhampton, England, on 22 July, 1612
 Jennin, (first name unknown): burned at Cambrai, France, in 1460
 Jollie, Alison: executed in Scotland, in October, 1596
 Jones, Katherine: burned in the north of Scotland in 1622
 Jones, Margaret: executed in Charlestown, North America, on 15 June, 1648
 Jordemaine, Margery: burned at Smithfield, England, on 27 October, 1441
 Junius, Johannes: of Bamberg, executed as a witch, on 6 August, 1628
 Jung, (first name unknown): beheaded at Wurzburg, Germany, 1628-1629


 Kent, Margaret: tried for witchcraft in Inverkiething, Scotland 1621
 Kerke, Anne: executed at Tyburn, England, in 1599
 Kleiss, Anna: burned at Waldsee, Germany, on 30 October, 1586
 Kless, Catharina: burned at Waldsee, Germany, on 12 June, 1587
 Knertz, (first name unknown): beheaded at Wurzburg, Germany, 1628-1629
 Knor, (first name unknown): beheaded at Wurzburg, Germany, 1628-1629
 Knott, Elizabeth: hanged at St. Albans, England, in 1649
 Kramerin, Schelmerey: beheaded at Wurzburg, Germany, 1628-1629
 Kuhnlin, Elsa: burned at Waldsee, Germany, in 1518
 Kuler, (first name unknown): beheaded at Wurzburg, Germany, 1628-1629


 Lachenmeyer, Waldburg: burned at Waldsee, Germany, on 5 July, 1585
 deLarue, (first name unknown): burned at Rouen, in 1540
 Lauder, Margaret: burned in Scotland in 1643
 Leclerc, (no first name given): condemned for witchcraft, in France 1615
 Lakeland, (first name unknown): burned at Ipswich, England, in 1645
 Lamb, Dr.: stoned to death by a mob at St. Paul's Cross, London, England,
            in 1640
 Lambrecht, (first name unknown): beheaded at Wurzburg, Germany, 1628-1629
 Leger, (no first name given): condemmned for witchcraft in France, on 6 May,
                               1616
 Liebler, (first name unknown): beheaded at Wurzburg, Germany, 1628-1629
 Lloyd, Temperance: hanged at Bideford, England in 1682
 Louis, (first name unknown): executed at Suffolk, England, in 1646
 Lowes, John: hanged at Bury, England, about 1645
 Lutz, (first name unknown): beheaded at Wurzburg, Germany, 1628-1629


 Macalzean, Euphemia: burned alive in Scotland for witchcraft, on 25 June,
1591
 Marigny, Enguerrand de: hanged in France in 1315
 Marguerite, (last name unknown): burned at Paris, France, in 1586
 Mark, Bernhard: burned alive at Wurzburg, Germany, 1628-1629
 Martin, Marie: executed in France, in 1586
 Martin, Susannah: executed at Salem, New England, on 19 July, 1692
 Martyn, Anne: hanged at Maidstone, England, in July, 1652
 Mayer, Christina: burned at Waldsee, Germany, on 9 October, 1586
 Mazelier, Hanchemand de: arrested at Neuchatel, Germany 1439
Meath, Petronilla de: burned as a witch, the first such burning in Ireland,
                       on 3 November, 1324
 Meyer, (first name unknown): beheaded at Wurzburg, Germany, 1628-1629
 Mirot, Dominic: burned at Paris, France, in 1586
 Morin< (first name unknown): burned at Rouen, in 1540
 Mossau, Renata von: beheaded and burned in Bavaria, Germany, on 21 June,
1749
 Mullerin, Elsbet: burned at Waldsee, Germany, in 1531
 Mundie, Beatrice: tried for witchcraft in Inverkiething, Scotland 1621
 Napier, Barbara: hanged in Scotland in 1591
 Nathan, Abraham: executed at Haeck, Germany, on 24 September, 1772
 Newell, John: executed at Barnett, England, on 1 December, 1595
 Newell, Joane: executed at Barnett, England, on 1 December, 1595
 Newman, Elizabeth: executed at Whitechapel, England in 1653
 Nottingham, John of: died in custody, Coventry, England, 1324
 Nurse, Rebecca: executed at Salem, New England, on 19 July, 1692
 Nutter, Alice: executed in Lancaster, England, in 1612
 Oliver, Mary: burned at Norwich, England, in 1658
 Orchard, (first name unknown): executed at Salisbury, England, in 1658
 Osborne, (husband) (first name unknown): killed by a mob at Tring,
                    Herefordshire, England, in 1751
 Osborne, (wife) Ruth: killed by a mob at Tring, Herefordshire, England, in
                       1751
 Osburne, Sarah: died in prison at Boston, Massachusetts, 10 May, 1692
Oswald, Catherine: burned in Scotland in 1670

 Paeffin, Elsa: burned at Waldsee, Germany, in 1518
 Pajot, Marguerite: executed at Tonnerre, France, in 1576
 Paris, (first name unknown): hanged at St. Andrews, Scotland, in 1569
 Parker, Alice: executed at Salem, New England, on 22 September, 1692
 Parker, Mary: executed at Salem, New England, on 22 September, 1692
 Palmer, John: hanged at St. Albans, England, in 1649
 Pannel, Mary: executed in Yorkshire, England, in 1603
 Pearson, Alison: burned in Scotland on 28 May, 1588
 Peebles, Marion: burned in Scotland in 1643
 Peterson, Joan: hanged at Tyburn, England, in April, 1652
 Pichler, Emerenziana: burned at Defereggen, Germany, on 25 September, 1680
          (her two sons, aged 12 and 14, were also burned two days later)
 Poiret, (first name unknown): burned at Nancy, France, in 1620
 Pomp, Anna: executed at Lindheim, Germany, in 1633
 Porte, Vidal de la: condemned at Riom, France, in 1597
 Powle, (first name unknown): executed at Durham, England, in 1652
 Prentice, Joan: hanged in Chelmsford, England, in 1589
 Preston, Jennet: executed in York, England, in 1612
 Pringle, Margaret: burned in Scotland in 1680
 Procter, John: executed at Salem, New England, on 19 August, 1692
Pudeator, Anne: executed at Salem, New England, on 22 September, 1692

 Quattrino, Dominic: burned at Mesolcina, Italy, in 1583
 Rais, Gilles de: on charges of witchcraft, executed 26 October, 1440
 Rattray, George: executed in Spott, Scotland, in 1705
 Rattray, Lachlan: executed in Spott, Scotland, in 1705
 Rauffains, Catharina: burned at Waldsee, Germany, on 7 November, 1586
 Reade, Mary: hanged at Maidstone, England, in July, 1652
 Redfearne, Anne: executed in Lancaster, England, in 1612
 Reed, Wilmot: executed at Salem, New England, on 22 September, 1692
 Reich, Maria: burned at Waldsee, Germany, on 5 July, 1585
 Reid, John: hanged himself in prison, in Scotland, in 1697
 Reoch, Elspeth: burned in the north of Scotland in 1622
 Robey, Isobel: executed in Lancaster, England, in 1612
 Rodier, Catala: burned alive at Carcassone, France, in 1335
 Rodier, Paul: burned alive at Carcassone, France, in 1335
 Rohrfelder, Margaret: burned at Waldsee, Germany, on 24 August, 1585
 Rosch, Maria: burned at Waldsee, Germany, on 6 July, 1581
 Rosseau, (no first name given), and his daughter, (no name given) of France,
          accused of witchcraft on 2 October 1593

 Rue, Abel de la: of Coulommiers, France, accused of witchcraft on 20 July,
                 1592
 Roulet, Jacques: burned alive for being a were-wolf, at Angiers, France, in
                  1597
Rum, (first name unknown): beheaded at Wurzburg, Germany, 1628-1629
 Russel, Alice: killed by a mob at Great Paxton, England, 20 May, 1808
 Rutchser, (first name unknown): beheaded at Wurzburg, Germany, 1628-1629
 Rutter, Elizabeth: hanged in Middlesex, England in 1616

 Sailler, Ursula: burned at Waldsee, Germany, on 24 August, 1585
 Sampsoune, Agnes: tried, strangled, and burnt for a witch in Scotland 1591
 Samuels, (family): three members condemned for witchcraft in Warboys,
                    England, on 4 April, 1593
 Sawyer, Elizabeth, hanged at Tyburn, England, on 19 April, 1621
 Scharber, Elsbeth: burned at Waldsee, Germany, in 1581
 Schneider, Felicitas: burned at Waldsee, Germany, on 9 March, 1586
 Schnelling, Anna: burned at Waldsee, Germany, on 11 September, 1589
 Schutz, Babel: beheaded at Wurzburg, Germany, 1628-1629
 Schwaegel, Anna Maria: beheaded at Kempten, Germany, on 11 April, 1775
 Schwartz, (first name unknown): beheaded at Wurzburg, Germany, 1628-1629
 Schenck, (first name unknown): beheaded at Wurzburg, Germany, 1628-1629
 Schellhar, (first name unknown): beheaded at Wurzburg, Germany, 1628-1629
 Schickelte, (first name unknown): beheaded at Wurzburg, Germany, 1628-1629
 Schneider, (first name unknown): beheaded at Wurzburg, Germany, 1628-1629
 Schleipner, (first name unknown): beheaded at Wurzburg, Germany, 1628-1629
 Schuler, (first name not known): burned at Lindheim, Germany on 23 February,
         1663
 Schultheiss, Ursula: burned at Waldsee, Germany, on 9 March, 1586
 Schwarz, Eva: burned at Waldsee, Germany, in 1581
 Schwerdt, (first name unknown): beheaded at Wurzburg, Germany, 1628-1629
 Scott, Margaret: executed at Salem, New England, on 22 September, 1692
 Scottie, Agnes: burned in the north of Scotland in 1622
 Sechelle, (first name unknown): burned at Paris, France, in 1586
 Smith, Mary: hanged at King's Lynn, England, in 1616
 Stadlin, (first name unknown): executed in Germany in 1599
 Steicher, (first name unknown): beheaded at Wurzburg, Germany, 1628-1629
 Steinacher, (first name unknown): beheaded at Wurzburg, Germany, 1628-1629
 Steward, William: hanged at St. Andrews, Scotland, in 1569
 Stewart, Christian: strangled and burned in Scotland, in November, 1596
 Stolzberger, (son) (first name unknown): beheaded at Wurzburg, Germany,
              1628-1629
 Stolzberger, (wife) (first name unknown): beheaded at Wurzburg, Germany,
              1628-1629
 Stolzberger, (granddaughter) (first name unknown): beheaded at Wurzburg,
               Germany, 1628-1629
 Stubb, Peter: executed as a werewolf near Cologne, Germany, in 1589
 Stuber, Laurence: beheaded at Wurzburg, Germany, 1628-1629
 Sturmer, (first name unknown): beheaded at Wurzburg, Germany, 1628-1629
 Style, Elizabeth: died in prison, at Taunton, England, in 1664
 Seiler, (first name unknown): beheaded at Wurzburg, Germany, 1628-1629
 Silberhans, (first name unknown): beheaded at Wurzburg, Germany, 1628-1629
 Steinbach, (first name unknown): beheaded at Wurzburg, Germany, 1628-1629
 Stier, (first name unknown): beheaded at Wurzburg, Germany, 1628-1629
 Stadelmann, Ursula: burned at Waldsee, Germany, on 7 November, 1586
 Sutton (mother) (first name unknown): executed in Bedford, England in 1613
 Sutton, Mary: executed in Bedford, England in 1613
 Thausser, Simon, and his wife (no name given): burned at Waldsee, Germany,
           in 1518
 Thompson, Annaple: burned in Scotland in 1680
 Tod, Beigis: burned at Lang Nydrie, Scotland, on 27 May, 1608
 Treher, Anna: burned at Waldsee, Germany, on 5 July, 1585
 Trembles, Mary: hanged at Bideford, England in 1682
 Trois-Echelles (pseud.): executed at Paris, France, in 1571 (or 1574)
 Tungerslieber, (first name unknown) beheaded at Wurzburg, Germany, 1628-1629
 Turner, Ann: murdered in England, in 1875

 Uhlmer, Barbara: burned at Waldsee, Germany, on 24 August, 1585
 Upney, Joan: hanged in Chelsford, England, in 1589
 Utley, (first name unknown): hanged at Lancaster, England, in 1630

 Valee, Melchoir de la: burned at Nancy, France, in 1631
 Vallin, Pierre: executed  in France, in 1438
 Valkenburger, (daughter) (first name unknown): beheaded at Wurzburg,
Germany, 1628-1629
 Vaecker, Paul: beheaded at Wurzburg, Germany, 1628-1629
 Vickar, Bessie: burned in Scotland in 1680

 Wachin, Ursula: burned at Waldsee, Germany, in 1528
 Wagner, Michael: beheaded at Wurzburg, Germany, 1628-1629
 Wagner, (first name unknown): burnt alive at Wurzburg, Germany, 1628-1629
 Wallace, Margaret: executed in Glascow, Scotland, in 1622
 Wardwell, Samuel: executed at Salem, New England, on 22 September, 1692
 Waterhouse, (first name unknown): hanged in Dorset, England in 1565
 Wanderson, (wife 1) (first name unknown): executed in England, in January,
            1644.
 Wanderson, (wife 2) (first name unknown): executed in England, in January,
            1644.
 Weir, Thomas: burned between Edinburgh and Leith, Scotland, on 11 April,
1670
 Weiss, Agatha: burned at Waldsee, Germany, on 9 October, 1586
 Weydenbusch, (first name unknown): beheaded at Wurzburg, Germany, 1628-1629
 Whittle, Anne: executed in Lancaster, England, in 1612
 Wildes, Sarah: executed at Salem, New England, on 19 July, 1692
 Willard, John: executed at Salem, New England, on 19 August, 1692
 Willimot, Joan: executed in Leicester, England, in 1619
 Wilson, Anne: hanged at Maidstone, England, in July, 1652
Wirth, Klingen: beheaded at Wurzburg, Germany, 1628-1629
 Wirth, Trauben: burned at Waldsee, Germany, on 5 July, 1585
 Wright, Mildred: hanged at Maidstone, England, in July, 1652
 Wuncil, Brigida: burned at Waldsee, Germany, on 6 July, 1581
 Wunth, (first name unknown): beheaded at Wurzburg, Germany, 1628-1629

 Younge, Alse: hanged in Connecticut, North America, on 26 May, 1647
 Yullock, Agnes: burned in the north of Scotland in 1622

                  *****************************************

                       GENERAL SECTION: THE UNKNOWNS

 8000 "Stedingers" killed on 27 May, 1234
 180 burned for witchcraft at Montwimer, France, on 29 May, 1239
 36 Knights Templar died under torture in France, in October, 1307
 36 Knights Templar died under torture in France, in October, 1307
 54 Knights Templar burned in France, on 12 May, 1310
 39 Knights Templar burned in France, on 18 March 1314
 "Some" burned at Kilkenny, Ireland, 1323
 200 + burned at Carcassonne, France, between 1320-1350
 63 burned at Toulouse, France, in 1335
 8 burned at Carcassonne, France, in 1352
 31 burned at Carcassonne, France, in 1357
 67 burned at Carcassonne, France, between 1387-1400
 1 burned at Berlin, Germany, in 1399
"Several" witches burned alive at Simmenthal, Switzerland, circa 1400
 "Several" burned at Carcassonne, France, in 1423
 200 + executed in the Valais, France between 1428-1434
 167 executed in l'Isere, France, between 1428-1447
 16 executed in Toulouse, France, in 1432
 8 executed in Toulouse, France, in 1433
 150 executed in Briancon, France, in 1437
 3 burnt in Savoy between 1446 and 1447
 7 killed at Marmande, France, in 1453
 1 burned at Locarno, Italy, in 1455
 "Many" burned in Arras, France in 1459
 2 burned in Burgundy, France, in 1470
 3 burned at Forno-Rivara, Italy, in 1472
 2 burned at Levone, in Italy, in 1474
 5 burned at Forno, Italy, in 1475
 12 women and "several" men burned at Edinburgh, in 1479
 4 burned at Metz, Germany, in 1482
 48 burned at Constance, between 1482-1486
 2 burned at Toulouse, France, in 1484
 2 burned in Chaucy, France in 1485
 1 died in prison, at Metz, Germany 1488
 3 executed at Mairange, Germany, on 17 June, 1488
 2 executed at Mairange, Germany, on 25 June, 1488
 3 executed at Chastel, Germany, on 26 June, 1488
 3 executed at Metz, Germany, on 1 July, 1488
 1 executed at Salney, Germany, on 3 July, 1488
 2 executed at Salney, Germany, on 12 July, 1488
 3 executed at Salney, Germany, on 19 July, 1488
 1 executed at Brieg, Germany, on 19 July, 1488
 2 executed at Juxney, Germany, on 19 August, 1488
 5 executed at Thionville, Germany, on 23 August, 1488
 1 executed at Metz, Germany, on 2 September, 1488
 1 executed at Vigey, Germany, on 15 September, 1488
 1 executed at Juxney, Germany, on 22 September, 1488
 1 executed in France circa 1500
 30 burned in Calahorra, Spain, in 1507
 1 burned in Saxony, Germany, in 1510
 60 burned in Northern Italy, in 1510
 500 + burned in Geneva, Switzerland, in 1515
 2 burned in Besancon, France, in 1521
 64 burned in Val Camonica, Italy between 1518-1521
 100 burned in Como, Italy, in 1523
 1000 + in Como, Italy, in 1524
 900 executed by Nicholas Remy (years unknown, about 15 years total)
 "A large number" executed at Saragossa, Spain, in 1536
 7 burned at Nantes, France, in 1549
 1 burned at Lyons, France, in 1549
 3 burned alive at Derneburg, Germany, on 4 October, 1555
 1 burned alive at Bievires, France, in 1556
 5 burned at Verneuil, France, in 1561
 17,000 + in Scotland from 1563 to 1603
 4 burned at Potiers, France, in 1564
 1 burned at St. Andrews, Scotland, in 1569
 "Many" burned in France in 1571
 1 burned at St. Andrews, Scotland, in 1572
 70,000 killed in England after 1573
 "Several" executed in Paris, France, in 1574
 80 executed in one fire at Valery-en-Savoie, France, in 1574
 3 executed in Dorset, England, in 1578
 36 persons executed at Kilkenny, Ireland, in 1578
 18 killed at St. Oses, England, in 1582
 "Several" burned in Mesolcina, Italy, in 1583
 368 persons killed for witchcraft between 18 January, 1587, and 18 November,
     1593, in the diocese of Treves.
 1 burned at Riom, France, in 1588
 133 persons burned in one day at Quedlinburg, in Germany, in 1589
 48 burned in Wurttemberg, Germany, in 1589
 2 burned at Cologne, Germany in 1589
 54 burned in Franconia in 1590
300 burned in Bern, Switzerland, between 1591-1600
 1 burned in Ghent, Holland, in 1591
 9 executed in Toulouse, France, in 1595
 1 burned in Ghent, Holland, in 1598
 24 burned in Aberdeen, Scotland, circa 1598
 77 burned in Vaud, Switzerland, in 1599
 10 -daily- were burned (average) in the Duchy of Brunswick between 1590-1600
 20 executed (other than those listed by name above) in the reign of King
James VI and I of England.
 40,000 executed between 1600-1680 in Great Britain
 205 burned at the Abbey of Fulda, Germany, between 1603-1605
 "Several" witches executed in Derbyshire, England, in 1607
 24 burned + 3 suicides in Hagenau, Alsace, in 1607
 "A number of women" burned at Breehin, Scotland, in 1608
 1 burned alive by a mob at St. Jean de Liuz, France, circa 1608
 18 killed at Orleans, France, in 1616
 9 hanged at Leicester, England, in 1616
 8 hanged at Londinieres, France, in 1618
 "Several" witches condemned at Nerac, France, on 26 June, 1619
 200 + executed at Labourt, France, in 1619
 2 executed at Bedford, England, in 1624
 2 executed at Bedford, England, in 1624
 56 executions at Mainz, Germany, between 1626-1629
 77 executions at Burgstadt, Germany, between 1626-1629
40 executions at Berndit, Buttan, Ebenheit, Wenchdorf and Heinbach, Germany,
    between 1626-1629
 8 executions in Prozelten and Amorbach, Germany between 1626-1629
 168 executions in the district of Miltenberg, Germany, between 1626-1629
 85 burned in Dieburg, Germany, in 1627
 79 burned at Offenburg, Austria, from 1627-1629
 274 executed in Eichstatt, Germany in 1629
 124 executed by the Teutonic Order at Mergentheim, Germany in 1630
 900 executions at Bamberg, Germany, between 1627 and 1631
 22,000 (approx) executed in Bamberg, Germany between 1610 and 1840
 1 hanged at Sandwich, in Kent, England, in 1630
 3 executed at Lindheim, Germany in 1631
 20 executed in Norfolk, England, on evidence of Matthew Hopkins, before
    26 July, 1645
 29 condemned, on the evidence of Matthew Hopkins, at Chelmsford, England,
    on 29 July, 1645
 150 killed in England in the last six months of 1645
 2 executed at Norwich, England, in 1648
 14 hanged at Newcastle, England, in 1649
 220 + in England and Scotland, on evidence of a Scottish Witch-finder, circa
       1648-1650
 2 killed by a mob at Auxonne, France, in 1650
30 burned in Lindheim, Germany, between 1640-1651
 900 killed in Lorraine, France (years unknown)
 30,000 (approx) burned by the Inquisition (not all may have been witches)
 3000-4000 killed during Cromwell's tenure in England
 102 burned in Zuckmantel, Germany, in 1654
 18 burned at Castle Hill, Edinburgh, Scotland, in 1658
 85 executed at Mohra, Sweden, on 25 August, 1670
 71 beheaded or burned in Sweden between 1674-1677
 90 burned at Salzburg, Austria, in 1678
 11 burned at Prestonpans, Scotland, in 1678
 36 executed in Paris, France, in 1680
 "Several" burned at Rouen, France, in 1684-1685
 3 executed (Suzanna, Isle and Catherine (last names unknown) at Arendsee,
   Germany, in 1687
 36 burned at Nordlingen, Germany between 1690-1694
 5 burned at Paisley, Scotland, on 10 June, 1697
 9 persons burned at Burghausen, Germany, all under 16 years of age, on 26
   March, 1698
 1 burned at Antrim, Ireland, in 1699
 "Many" burned at Spott Loan, Scotland, in 1705
 2 persons killed in the Trentino, Austria, between 1716 and 1717
 1 executed in France, in 1718
2 persons, a mother and daughter, burned in Scotland, in 1722
 13 burned at Szegedin, Hungary, in 1728
 1 burned at Szegedin, Hungary, in 1730
 13 burned alive at Szegedin, Hungary on 23 July, 1738
 3 burned at Karpfen, Germany, in 1744
 3 burned at Muhlbach, Germany, in 1746
 1 executed at Szegedin, Hungary, in 1746
 1 executed at Maros Vasarheli, (nation unknown), 1752
 100 + executed at Haeck, Germany between 1772 and 1779
 2 burned in Poland in 1793
 "Several" burned in South America during the 1800's
 1 shot by a policeman at Uttenheim, Germany, on suspicion of being a were-
   wolf, in November, 1925
 1 murdered in Pennsylvania in 1929

               for a total of 236,870 (unknowns listed)

        Frank Donovan says: "Several modern writers claim that 9,000,000
people met their deaths during the witchcraft persecution but offer no valid
statistical records to support this estimate. On the other end of the scale
is the 'educated guess' of R.H.Robbins and others that the total may have been
about 200,000. Contemporary records are spotty and incomplete. Many deaths
were probably never recorded and other archives have been lost thru time." It
is this writer's opinion that - one-half million - executed is a reasonable
estimated total.

                ******************************************

REFERENCES:

                        THE BOOK OF DAYS
                        W. J. Bethancourt III (unpublished ms.)

                        CHRONICLE OF THE WORLD
                        Jerome Burne; Ecam, 1990

                        A NATURAL HISTORY OF UNNATURAL THINGS
                        Daniel Cohen; McCall, 1971

                        NEVER ON A BROOMSTICK
                        Frank Donovan; Bell, 1971

                        A HISTORY OF SECRET SOCIETIES
                        Arkhon Daraul; Citadel, 1962

                        THE WEAKER VESSEL
                        Antonia Fraser, Borzoi, 1984

                        EXTRAORDINARY POPULAR DELUSIONS AND THE MADNESS OF
                        CROWDS
                       Charles MacKay; L.C.Page, 1932
                        (orig. pub. 1841)

                        THE HISTORY OF MAGIC AND THE OCCULT
                        Kurt Seligmann; Harmony Books, 1975

                        THE GEOGRAPHY OF WITCHCRAFT
                        Montague Summers, University Books, 1965

                        TREASURY OF WITCHCRAFT
                        Harry E. Wedeck; Philosophical Library, 1961

                        SOUNDINGS IN SATANISM
                        pp 46-54. ISBN 0 264 64627 4

                                   *


                (c) copyright 1990 W.J. Bethancourt III
                     1:114/29 DEUS EX MACHINA BBS
                          (602) 439-8070

========================================================


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The History Of The Devil

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SOLAR ULTRAVIOLET MEASUREMENTS OF EMITTED RADIATION

SOLAR ULTRAVIOLET MEASUREMENTS OF EMITTED RADIATION

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There is a version in German language for some of these pages.
Es gibt eine deutschsprachige Version für einige dieser Seiten.

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• Descriptions: Instrument and reduction of SUMER Data | SUMER Investigation | SUMER Performance Characteristics
  
  
• Participation: SUMER Institutions | SUMER Team | Pictures from Workshops
  
  
• Data: SUMER Data and Analysis resources | SUMER File Catalogue | SUMER Image data base
  
  
• Data reduction: Data Corrections Cookbook | Radiometric Calibration and Corrections |
  
  
• Reference information: SUMER Spectral Line List (the Atlas) | Disk Atlas (PDF) | Coronal Atlas (PDF)
  
  
• Special Information for observers: Operations Guide | Coordinates | Weekly Planners
  
  
• History: Pre-launch images | Launch | Commissioning | SOHO Recovery
  
  
• Campaigns: Doppler Shifts in X-ray Jets 1999/2000 | JOP104 Papers | Flare Watch 2001 | 2002
  
  
• Publications: SCIENCE Publications | Wavelength measurements | SUMER Atlas of Solar Images
  MPS database: List of SUMER-publications with MPS authors
  List of publications with SUMER-Data up to 2005
  
  
• Results: SUMER Picture Gallery | SUMER Slide Shows | SOHO Hot Shots with SUMER
  
  
• Press Releases: 21 Aug 2001 | 27 Jun 2002 | ESA 22 APR 2005
  
  
• Home Pages: MPS | ESA | NASA | GSFC | SOHO

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Welcome to the SUMER pages, based at the Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS). SUMER is a VUV telescope and spectrometer, designed and built at this institute from 1987 to 1995 with international cooperation. It is now an instrument on board the ESA/NASA spacecraft SOHO, which was launched on 02 December 1995. Since the beginning of 1996, SUMER operates on SOHO at a distance approximately 1.5 million kilometers from Earth towards the Sun and delivers research data about the solar atmosphere that are analysed and archived at MPS and other institutions. SUMER has now been put in hibernation since August 2014.

---

Example: SUMER raster scan of magnetic loops

The structure of magnetic loops over an active region at the solar limb, observed by SUMER on 06 May 1996. Left: Intensity image of the emission line O VI 1037, formed in the transition region at a temperature around 300 000 K. Right: Doppler shift image of the same line; blue denotes movement towards the observer, red denotes movement away from the observer. More examples in the SUMER Picture Gallery and the SUMER Slide Shows.

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09 APR 2015 (Udo Schühle)

SIMBAD Astronomical Database

Queries basic search by identifier by coordinates by criteria reference query scripts TAP queries options   Display all user annotations

Documentation User's guide     Query by urls Nomenclature Dictionary Object types List of journals Measurement description Spectral type coding User annotations documentation

Information Presentation   Acknowledgment           Release: SIMBAD4 1.225 - Feb-2015

Content The SIMBAD astronomical database provides basic data, cross-identifications, bibliography and measurements for astronomical objects outside the solar system. SIMBAD can be queried by object name, coordinates and various criteria. Lists of objects and scripts can be submitted. Links to some other on-line services are also provided.

Statistics Simbad contains on 2015.05.04 7,703,373 objects 21,909,236 identifiers 303,576 bibliographic references 11,364,767 citations of objects in papers

Acknowledgment If the Simbad database was helpful for your research work, the following acknowledgment would be appreciated: This research has made use of the SIMBAD database, operated at CDS, Strasbourg, France 2000,A&AS,143,9 , "The SIMBAD astronomical database", Wenger et al.

Basic search identifier, coordinates (radius=10 arcmin), or bibcode           help Install the Simbad basic search in your tool bar

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SIMBAD on the Web is the WWW interface to the SIMBAD database. It offers the following functionalities:

• Query by identifiers and around identifiers
• Query by coordinates, specifying the radius and the equinox
• Query by bibcode and partial bibcode
• Sampling with a set of physical criteria
• Query by lists of objects, coordinates or bibcodes
• Display charts for list of objects resulting from coordinates query

Moreover, the interface provides links with many other data services :

• Links to the other CDS services: Tables in VizieR, giving access to the whole catalogued data, links to Aladin images, surveys and observatory logs.
• Through the coordinates in basic data, you can query around an object, using a provided radius.
• Identifiers are linked to the nomenclature dictionary, providing full description of original list, and, when available, offering direct access to the corresponding catalogue in the CDS catalogue service (VizieR and Bazaar)
• Every bibcode is a link to the underlying bibliographic information, either at CDS, at ADS, or at the journal site when available. Links to the full text of paper are available in most cases.
  For articles containing tables stored at CDS, the reference provides also a link to the table or catalogue.
• A link to the Heasarc database (NASA/GSFC) is proposed when an object has identifiers in high energy catalogues.
• IUE measurements contain an anchor which points to the spectra stored in the INES database.
• The maps produced by coordinate queries are cliquable and return the object information from SIMBAD.

SIMBAD on the Web has all the functionalities provided by XSimbad, after the addition of list queries in March 2001. XSimbad software is thus not maintained any more.

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SUMER Spectral Atlas

SUMER Spectral Atlas

(W. Curdt) The SUMER solar-disk spectral atlas by Curdt et al. (A&A, in press, 2001) includes profiles of the average quiet Sun (black), an equatorial coronal hole (blue), and a sunspot (red). Resolved emission lines are indicated by a mark, the measured wavelength in angstrom (Å), and the identification, if available. The marks point to line lists available in the literature, where additional information about a specific line can be found. Squares point to Feldman et al. (ApJS 113, 195, 1997), circles to Curdt et al. (A&AS 126, 281, 1997), diamonds to Kelly (J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 16, 1, 1987), Cohen et al. (ApJS 37, 393, 1978), or Sandlin et al. (ApJS 61, 801, 1986). Triangles are new lines or identifications. Filled symbols denote lines observed in first order of diffraction, open symbols are second-order lines. Only the three least-significant digits of the wavelength values are given. If available, unidentified lines are characterized by the temperature classification a: below 3 10⁵ K, b: approx. 3 10⁵ K, c: approx. 4 10⁵ K, d: 6 10⁵ to 9 10⁵ K, e: approx. 1.4 10⁶ K, f: approx. 1.8 10⁶ K. The vertical axis is scaled to mW sr¯¹ m¯² ů¹; on the left the radiometric calibration for the first order lines is given, on the right for second order lines. Note that second-order lines are always superimposed on a first-order background. We have taken care of the type of photocathode (bare or KBr) when applying the radiometric calibration to different sections of the spectrum. We also display in green the BN/CI ratio, which is a useful parameter for electron temperature classification. (Spectra and a line list will be available at http://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/Simbad.html).
Since the images may not be suitable for screen resolution, we provide them as Postscript files (60 to 150 KB size) for colour printers, each of them containing two pages:

• 660 to 700 Å / 700 to 740 Å
• 740 to 780 Å / 780 to 820 Å
• 820 to 860 Å / 860 to 900 Å
• 900 to 940 Å / 940 to 980 Å
• 980 to 1020 Å / 1020 to 1060 Å
• 1060 to 1100 Å / 1100 to 1140 Å
• 1140 to 1180 Å / 1180 to 1220 Å
• 1220 to 1260 Å / 1260 to 1300 Å
• 1300 to 1340 Å / 1340 to 1380 Å
• 1380 to 1420 Å / 1420 to 1460 Å
• 1460 to 1500 Å / 1500 to 1540 Å
• 1540 to 1580 Å / 1580 to 1620 Å

THE ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, 503:467474, 1998 August 10
© 1998. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. Printed in U.S.A.

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High-Temperature Lines in SUMER Spectra Recorded Above a Bright Solar Active Region

U. FELDMAN, ¹ W. CURDT, ² G. A. DOSCHEK, ¹ U. SCHÜHLE, ² K. WILHELM, ² AND P. LEMAIRE ³

Received 1997 October 16; accepted 1998 March 12

ABSTRACT

     We identify spectral lines emitted by solar abundant elements due primarily to transitions within the 2s²2p^k and 3s²3p^k (where k = 1, 5) ground configurations of ions that are formed in ionization equilibrium between 2 × 10⁶ and 8 × 10⁶ K. The transitions were identified in spectra of a bright active region recorded 1997 September 6, by the Solar Ultraviolet Measurements of Emitted Radiation Spectrometer (SUMER) flown on the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO). Some of these lines provide useful plasma diagnostic tools for measuring the physical conditions in the solar corona.
Subject headings: line: identificationsSun: coronaSun: UV radiation

---

FOOTNOTES

     ¹ E. O. Hulburt Center for Space Research, Mail Code 7608, Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington DC, 20375-5352.
     ² Max-Planck-Institut für Aeronomie, D-37191 Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany.
     ³ Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, Unite Mixte Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris XI, Bat 121, F-91405 Orsay, France.

§1. INTRODUCTION

     In a recent paper Feldman et al. (1997, hereafter Paper I) published an extensive list of spectral lines in the 5001610 Å range compiled from spectra recorded 1996 June 25 by the Solar Ultraviolet Measurements of Emitted Radiation Spectrometer (SUMER) flown on the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO). The spectra were recorded at a height of about 20,000 km above the west equatorial solar limb. Curdt et al. (1997) also published a line list from a SUMER solar disk spectrum that covers the 6601175 Å range. However, from the time that SOHO was launched until recently conditions on the Sun have been typical of solar minimum. Active regions have been scarce and small, and therefore only a few of the brightest lines characteristic of plasmas with temperatures T_e > 1.5 × 10⁶ K are visible in SUMER spectra of these regions, and consequently only a few such lines are tabulated in the published line lists. Recently, however, as the Sun has become increasingly more active, more lines emitted by higher temperature plasmas have appeared in SUMER active region spectra.
     The main allowed lines (electric dipole transitions) emitted by highly ionized ions that are present in high-temperature (T_e > 2 × 10⁶ K) solar coronal plasmas appear at short wavelengths ( < 500 Å) not accessible to the SUMER instrument. However, a number of forbidden transitions arising from levels that do not decay via electric dipole transitions are calculated to be bright in high-temperature solar plasmas and are expected to be present in the SUMER spectral range. These lines arise mainly from transitions within the 2s²2p^k and 3s²3p^k (where k = 1, 5) ground configurations. Since bright forbidden lines emitted by lower temperature plasmas (T_e < 2 × 10⁶ K) are prominent in quiet-Sun SUMER spectra (Paper I), we expect to see similar high-temperature forbidden lines from the solar abundant elements Ar, Ca, Fe, and Ni in active region spectra.
     In this paper we report the identification of spectral lines emitted by plasmas with temperatures between 2 × 10⁶ K that are useful for determining emission measure distributions, electron densities, and mass motions above bright active regions. Except for the 1133.76 Å Ca XIII line, which is present in the Curdt et al. (1997) list, none of the lines is normally seen in disk spectra. Some of the newly identified lines at wavelengths short of 680 Å and those in the 9371361 Å range are also expected to be observed under certain coronal conditions at heights greater than 1.5 R by the SOHO Ultraviolet Coronagraph Spectrometer (UVCS; Kohl et al. 1995). Several of the lines should also be visible in spectra obtained by the SOHO Coronal Diagnostic Spectrometer (CDS; Harrison et al. 1995). Flare lines that are expected to be seen at temperatures greater than 8 × 10⁶ K have not yet been seen by SUMER. However, lines of Fe XVIII and Fe XIX have been observed and are discussed in this paper.

§2. SUMER SPECTROMETER AND OBSERVATIONS

     The SUMER spectrometer is a high spectral and spatial resolution slit spectrometer. The wavelength range for the detector used to obtain the present observations (detector B) is 6601500 Å in first order and 500750 Å in second order. The slit of the spectrometer is usually oriented in the northsouth direction (occasionally it has been in the east-west direction during SOHO roll maneuvers). Five available slits can be used. For the spectra discussed in this paper the slit size was 4 × 300 arcsec². The spatial resolution along the length of the slit is about 1. The spectral dispersion is about 43 mÅ pixel^-1 in first order and 22 mÅ pixel^-1 in second order. Spectra are recorded by one or two microchannel plate photon counting detectors. Each detector views a 44 Å window (first order) from the overall wavelength range that is selected using a movable plane scan mirror. The instrument is described in detail by Wilhelm et al. (1995), and first results are described by Wilhelm et al. (1997) and Lemaire et al. (1997).
     The spectra used to identify the spectral lines are a set of 300 s exposures recorded 1997 September 6 between about 01:04 and 06:42 UT. The spectra are part of the "reference spectrum" program, i.e., full wavelength coverage spectra are periodically recorded for many different types of solar regions and at different locations. On this day the solar radius was 962. The pointing for these reference spectra was located above an active region on the north-west limb. The slit was oriented in the north-south direction with the center of the slit located 960 west and 370 north of Sun center. The limb distance varied between 227 (bottom/south of the slit) and 1296 (top/north of the slit). This was the site of active region NOAA 8076 that flared on September 5. An image of the region obtained by the Extreme Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (EIT) on SOHO is shown in Figure 1.
Fig. 1

§3. SPECTRAL ANALYSIS

     A spectral line list with all the new identifications including wavelengths and transitions is given in Table 1. The wavelengths are believed to be accurate to ±0.02 Å. The wavelengths were derived from the spectra after the spectra were flat-field corrected and the geometric distortions were removed ("destretched"). The intensities were obtained from a single active region reference spectrum. Because this spectrum took several hours to record, and active regions exhibit considerable transient behavior, intensity ratios of lines at widely separated wavelengths may not be accurate.
     Six of the forbidden lines are shown in Figures 2 and 3. In Figure 2, an active region spectrum is compared with a quiet-Sun spectrum. Note the presence of Ca XIII, Ca XIV, and Ca XV lines in the active region spectrum and their absence in the quiet-Sun spectrum. In Figure 3, an Fe XIX flare line is shown. Note that the flare line shows substantial Doppler broadening and that it is confined to the small spatial regions of the flare.
Fig. 2 Fig. 3      We discuss the methods of identification in this section. Forbidden transitions in ions of neon to sulfur and in Ar XI having maximum fractional abundance temperatures less than 2 × 10⁶ K are present in the SUMER wavelength range and were discussed in an earlier publication (Paper I). Two forbidden transitions from Ar XII, although quite faint, were also seen in the quiet-Sun spectra and were discussed in Paper I. We report new identifications of Ar XIII, Ar XII, Ca XV, Ca XIV, Ca XIII, Ni XV, and Ni XIV forbidden lines, and the transitions are given in Table 1. Using a semi-empirical method, Edlén predicted the energy levels within the ground configurations of the ions (Edlén 1983, 1984, 1985).

§3.1. The Ar XIII Spectrum

     The maximum fractional abundance of Ar⁺¹² is at 2.5 × 10⁶ K (Arnaud & Rothenflug 1985). The 2s²2p² ground configuration includes the following levels: ³P_0,1,2, ¹D₂, and ¹S₀. Two of the forbidden transitions within the ground configuration, i.e., ³P₁¹D₂ (1330.54 Å) and ³P₁¹S₀ (656.69 Å), are predicted to be in the SUMER detector B wavelength range. The other bright forbidden lines resulting from transitions within the ground configuration are at longer wavelengths and are not accessible with SUMER. A previous identification of the ³P₁¹D₂ transition (Sandlin, Brueckner, & Tousey 1977) is in error. Both the 1330.54 and 656.69 Å lines are observed for the first time in the SUMER active region spectra. Details concerning the Ar XIII energy levels are given in Table 2. The energies of the ³P₁ and ³P₂ levels are taken from Edlén (1985).

§3.2. The Ar XII Spectrum

     The maximum fractional abundance of Ar⁺¹¹ is at 2.1 × 10⁶ K (Arnaud & Rothenflug 1985). The 2s²2p³ ground configuration includes the following levels: ⁴S_3/2, ²D_3/2,5/2, and ²P_1/2,3/2 (see Fig. 4). Edlén (1984) predicted the energies of the levels within the ground configuration of Ar⁺¹¹. Four of the forbidden transitions within this configuration, i.e., ⁴S_3/2²D_3/2(1054.62 Å), ⁴S_3/2²D_5/2(1018.87 Å), ⁴S_3/2²P_1/2(670.34 Å), and ⁴S_3/2²P_3/2(648.93 Å), are predicted to be in the SUMER detector B wavelength range. The other transitions are at longer wavelengths and are not accessible with SUMER. The 1054.57 and 1018.87 Å lines were seen before in the SUMER quiet-Sun spectra (Paper I) where they were quite weak. The 670.34 Å transition is observed for the first time in the active region spectra. The 648.93 Å transition is most likely present in the spectra but is blended with the bright 649.20 Å Si X line. Details concerning the Ar XII energy levels are given in Table 3.
Fig. 4

§3.3. The Ca XV Spectrum

     The maximum fractional abundance of Ca⁺¹⁴ is at 3.5 × 10⁶ K (Arnaud & Rothenflug 1985). The 2s²2p² ground configuration includes the following levels: ³P_0,1,2, ¹D₂, and ¹S₀. Edlén (1985) predicted the energies of the levels within this configuration. Only two of the forbidden transitions within the ground configuration, i.e., ³P₂¹D₂ (1375.96 Å) and ³P₁¹D₂(1098.44 Å), are visible in the SUMER detector B wavelength range. The ³P₁¹S₀ transition expected to appear at 555.21 Å is not visible, most likely due to the low reflectivity of SUMER at that wavelength. The 1122.7 Å ¹D₂¹S₀ transition is not visible, and all other transitions are at longer wavelengths. The 1375.96 Å line was previously observed in Skylab spectra by Feldman & Doschek (1977) and Sandlin et al. (1977). Details concerning the Ca XV energy levels are given in Table 2. The energies of the ³P₁ and ³P₂ levels are taken from Edlén (1985).

§3.4. The Ca XIV Spectrum

     The maximum fractional abundance of Ca⁺¹³ is at 3.0 × 10⁶ K (Arnaud & Rothenflug 1985). The 2s²2p³ ground configuration includes the following levels: ⁴S_3/2, ²D_3/2,5/2, and ²P_1/2,3/2 (see Fig. 4). Edlén (1984) predicted the energies of the levels within the configuration. Six of the forbidden transitions within the ground configuration, i.e., ⁴S_3/2²D_3/2(943.61 Å), ⁴S_3/2²D_5/2(880.43 Å), ⁴S_3/2²P_1/2 (579.85 Å), ⁴S_3/2²P_3/2(545.26 Å), ²D_3/2²P_3/2(1291.61 Å), and ²D_5/2²P_3/2(1432.12 Å), are predicted to be in the SUMER detector B wavelength range. The ²D_3/2²P_1/2 transition is predicted to be at 1503.1 Å. This wavelength is outside the SUMER B detector range, but the line is expected to be visible in the wavelength range of detector A. All but the 1432.12 Å are seen in the SUMER spectra. Details concerning the Ca XIV energy levels are given in Table 3.

§3.5. The Ca XIII Spectrum

     The maximum fractional abundance of Ca⁺¹² is at 2.5 × 10⁶ K (Arnaud & Rothenflug 1985). The 2s²2p⁴ ground configuration includes the following levels: ³P_2,1,0, ¹D₂, and ¹S₀. Edlén (1983) predicted the energies of the levels within the configuration. Only two of the forbidden transitions within the ground configuration, i.e., ³P₂¹D₂ (1133.79 Å) and ³P₂¹S₀(648.68 Å), are predicted to be in the SUMER detector B wavelength range. All other transitions are at longer wavelengths. Both transitions are present in the active region data (Table 1). The 1133.79 Å line was seen before as a very faint feature in Skylab flare spectra (Feldman & Doschek 1991). Details concerning the Ca XIII energy levels are given in Table 4. The energies of the ³P₀ and ³P₁ are taken from Edlén (1983).

§3.6. Fe XVII, FeXVIII, and FeXIX Forbidden Transitions

     Four highly ionized iron transitions emitted by Fe XVII, Fe XVIII, and Fe XIX are also present in active region spectra. The maximum fractional abundance of Fe⁺¹⁶ is at 4.0 × 10⁶ K, Fe⁺¹⁷ is at 6.3 × 10⁶ K, and Fe⁺¹⁸ is at 7.9 × 10⁶ K (Arnaud & Raymond 1992). The 1153.16 Å Fe XVII (2s²2p⁵3s ³P₁2s²2p⁵3s ³P₀) and the 974.86 Å Fe XVIII (2s²2p^{5 2}P_3/22s²2p^{5 2}P_1/2) lines are bright in the active region spectra, whereas the 592.2 Å Fe XIX (2s²2p^{4 3}P₂2s²2p^{4 1}D₂) and 1118.08 Å Fe XIX (2s²2p^{4 3}P₂2s²2p^{4 3}P₁) lines are fairly faint. All four transitions were previously observed in Skylab solar flare spectra (Doschek et al. 1975; Sandlin et al. 1977; Dere 1978; Feldman, Doschek, & Seely 1985; and Feldman & Doschek 1991). The Fe XVIII line and the long-wavelength Fe XIX line are also observed in Tokamak spectra (Peacock, Stamp, & Silver 1984). The SUMER spectral range contains additional forbidden lines from Fe XIX, Fe XX, Fe XXI, and Fe XXII which are expected to be present in spectra dominated by flare plasmas. The Fe XXI line at 1354.1 Å is well-known in flare spectra. It was seen in Skylab spectra by Doschek et al. (1975) and was discussed by many subsequent investigators using spectra from the Solar Maximum Mission and rocket experiments. It is also observed in stellar spectra (Maran et al. 1994). The Fe XXII line at 845.1 Å was reported in an Orbiting Solar Observatory flare spectrum by Noyes (1973).

§3.7. Ni XIII, Ni XIV, and Ni XV Forbidden Transitions

     We observe one Ni XIII line previously reported in solar spectra by Sandlin et al. (1977). Three highly ionized nickel transitions belonging to Ni XIV and Ni XV are present in the active region spectra. The maximum fractional abundances of Ni⁺¹³ and Ni⁺¹⁴ are at 2.1 × 10⁶ and 2.3 × 10⁶ K, respectively (Arnaud & Rothenflug 1985). The 1034.48 Å Ni XIV (3s²3p^{3 4}S_3/23s²3p^{3 2}P_3/2) line, the 1174.65 Å Ni XIV (3s²3p^{3 4}S_3/23s²3p^{3 2}P_1/2) line, and the 1033.04 Å Ni XV (3s²2p^{2 3}P₁3s²3p^{2 1}S₀) line are very prominent in the spectrum. The 1174.65 Å line was first seen in Skylab spectra and was reported to be at 1174.72 Å (Sandlin et al. 1977). Predicted wavelengths for the nickel forbidden lines were taken from Kaufman & Sugar (1986).

§4. DENSITY SENSITIVE LINE RATIOS

     Forbidden transitions within the ground configuration of the N I isoelectronic sequence are suitable density indicators for solar plasmas. Feldman et al. (1978) showed that intensity ratios between the 2s²2p^{3 4}S_3/22s²2p^{3 2}D_3/2 and 2s²2p^{3 4}S_3/22s²2p^{3 2}D_5/2 transitions, and between the 2s²2p^{3 4}S_3/22s²2p^{3 2}P_3/2 and 2s²2p^{3 4}S_3/22s²2p^{3 2}D_3/2 transitions in Mg VI, Si VIII, and S X, and to a certain extent in Ar XII, can provide a good measure of the electron density in various regions of the corona. They were able to use the S X lines in Skylab spectra to derive densities. Subsequently, the first mentioned line ratio has been used by Doschek et al. (1997) and Laming et al. (1997) to derive densities in polar coronal holes and quiet-Sun regions using SUMER spectra.
     The above transitions in Ar XII and in particular in Ca XIV are most suitable for probing the electron density of dense and hot active regions. As shown in Figure 5, the various Ar XII forbidden line ratios are sensitive to densities between 10⁹ and 10¹² cm^-3. The identical transitions in Ca XIV are sensitive to densities between 10¹⁰ and 10¹³ cm^-3. Intensity ratios between the 2s²2p^{2 3}P₁2s²2p^{2 1}D₂ and the 2s²2p^{2 3}P₁2s²2p^{2 1}S₀ transitions in Ar XIII and between the 2s²2p^{4 3}P₂2s²2p^{4 1}D₂ and the 2s²2p^{4 3}P₁2s²2p^{4 1}S₀ transitions in Ca XIII are sensitive to the electron densities that vary between 10^10.5 and 10¹³ cm^-3. The density sensitivity of Ar XIII and Ca XIII is shown in Figure 6.
Fig. 5 Fig. 6      The above discussion is included to demonstrate to readers the diagnostic importance of some of the forbidden lines. We have attempted to obtain densities for the active region from which the intensities in Table 1 were derived, but we obtain inconsistent results, i.e., we derive densities that differ by more than seems reasonable based on inaccuracies in the atomic physics of line excitation. This is likely due to time variability of the line intensities. The SUMER observations were not optimized for obtaining densities using the forbidden lines, but a good observational sequence could easily be constructed.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

     The SUMER project is financially supported by DARA, CNES, NASA, and the ESA PRODEX program (Swiss contribution). The Naval Research Laboratory contribution to this work was supported by NRL/ONR basic research funds, by the SOHO Project, and by a NASA SR&T grant (W-18218) to one of us (G. A. D.). We would like to thank Catherine Abbott for her help in reducing the SUMER data and we thank Martin Laming for providing the density sensitivity calculations.

REFERENCES

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FIGURES

Full image (388kb) | Discussion in text
     FIG. 1.EIT image of the 1997 September 6 active region

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Full image (244kb) | Discussion in text
     FIG. 2.Forbidden lines of Ca in an active region spectrum. Note that they are absent in the quiet-Sun spectrum included for comparison.

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Full image (391kb) | Discussion in text
     FIG. 3.Spectrum showing the Fe XIX flare line near 1118 Å. Top: a tracing through the spectrum; bottom: distribution of emission along the slit length. Note the small regions in which the Fe XIX emission is confined and the large Doppler motions shown by the spectral width of the lines.

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Full image (61kb) | Discussion in text
     FIG. 4.Energy levels (cm^-1) and transitions (Å) for Ar XII (in parentheses) and Ca XIV detected by SUMER.

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Full image (69kb) | Discussion in text
     FIG. 5.Density-sensitive line ratios for Ar XII and Ca XIV

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Full image (53kb) | Discussion in text
     FIG. 6.Density-sensitive line ratios for Ar XIII and Ca XIII

TABLES

TABLE 1
A LIST OF HIGH-TEMPERATURE FORBIDDEN LINES PRESENT IN THE ACTIVE REGION CORONA

Measured (Å)	Predicted (Å) a	Ion	Transition	Intensity b
545.26...	545.21	Ca XIV	2s22p3 4S3/22s22p3 2P3/2	0.43
579.85...	579.83	Ca XIV	2s22p3 4S3/22s22p3 2P1/2	0.37
592.23 cP...		Fe XIX	2s22p4 3P22s22p4 1D2
648.68...	648.92	Ca XIII	2s22p4 3P12s22p4 1S0	0.29
656.69...	656.60	Ar XIII	2s22p23P12s22p2 1S0	0.29
670.34...	670.35	Ar XII	2s22p3 4S3/22s22p3 2P1/2	0.24
880.43...	880.35	Ca XIV	2s22p3 4S3/22s22p3 2D5/2	1.67
943.61...	943.70	Ca XIV	2s22p3 4S3/22s22p3 2D3/2	2.43
974.86P...	974.82	Fe XVIII	2s22p 2P3/22s22p 2P1/2	3.62
1018.87P...	1018.72	Ar XII	2s22p3 4S3/22s22p3 2D5/2	1.13
1033.04...	1033.2	Ni XV	3s23p2 3P13s23p2 1S0	1.19
1034.48...	1034.9	Ni XIV	3s23p3 4S3/23s23p3 2P3/2	1.91
1054.62P...	1054.69	Ar XII	2s22p3 4S3/22s22p3 2D3/2	0.31
1098.44...	1098.42	Ca XV	2s22p2 3P12s22p2 1D2	0.26
1118.08P...	1118.08	Fe XIX	2s22p4 3P22s22p4 3P1	0.17
1133.79...	1133.76	Ca XIII	2s22p4 3P22s22p4 1D2	4.95
1153.16P...	1153.14	Fe XVII	2s22p53s 3P12s22p53s 3P0	1.24
1174.65P...	1174.72	Ni XIV	3s23p3 4S3/23s23p3 2P1/2	1.53
1277.22P...	1277.23	Ni XIII	3s23p4 3P13s23p4 1S0	0.78
1291.61...	1291.2	Ca XIV	2s22p3 2D3/22s22p3 2P3/2	0.26
1330.54...	1330.37	Ar XIII	2s22p2 3P12s22p2 1D2	0.22
1375.96P...	1375.93	Ca XV	2s22p2 3P22s22p2 1D2	0.39

     NOTE. P denotes "previously identified." See text.
     ^a Predicted wavelengths for argon, calcium, and iron transitions are from Edlén (1983, 1984, 1985); predicted wavelengths for Ni lines are from Kaufman & Sugar (1986).
     ^b Intensities are given in units of mW st^-1 m^-2 and are obtained from a single active region reference spectrum.
     ^c This line was observed in a different reference spectrum from the other lines, and therefore no intensity is given.

Image of typeset table | Discussion in text

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TABLE 2
ENERGY LEVELS WITHIN THE C I GROUND CONFIGURATION (2s²2p²) OF AR XIII AND CA XV

	ENERGY (cm-1)
LEVEL	Ar XIII	Ca XV
3P0...	0.0	0.0
3P1...	9859 a	17555 a
3P2...	21859 a	35917 a
1D2...	85016	108593
1S0...	162138	(197648) a

     ^a Energy levels are from Edlén (1985). Numbers in parentheses are calculated values.

Image of typeset table | Discussion in text

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TABLE 3
ENERGY LEVELS WITHIN THE N I GROUND CONFIGURATION (2s²2p³) IN AR XII AND CA XIV

Level	Energy (cm-1)
	Ar XII	Ca XIV
4S3/2...	0.0	0.0
2D3/2...	94821	105976
2D5/2...	98146	113581
2P1/2...	149178	172458
2P3/2...	(154050) a	183399

     ^a Energy levels are from Edlén (1984). Numbers in parentheses are calculated values.

Image of typeset table | Discussion in text

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TABLE 4
ENERGY LEVELS WITHIN THE O I GROUND CONFIGURATION (2s²2p⁴) IN CA XIII

Level	Energy (cm-1)
3P2...	0.0
3P1...	24465 a
3P0...	28880 a
1D2...	88200
1S0...	178624

     ^a Energy levels are from Edlén (1983).

Image of typeset table | Discussion in text

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