Monday, April 21, 2014

Arrested For Shooting At Highway Motorists Near Kansas City

BUT IT’S NOT TERRORISM: Muslim Arrested For Shooting At Highway Motorists Near Kansas City

Mohammed Pedro Whitaker has been identified as the alleged Kansas City highway shooter and has been charged with 18 felonies from 9 separate incidents around the city metro region.
Officials gave an update in a press conference on Friday afternoon.
See a previous Associated Press report below.
GRANDVIEW, Mo.—Police arrested a suspect Thursday in a string of random vehicle shootings on Kansas City-area highways over the past few weeks that have wounded three motorists and frightened many more.
Police Chief Darryl Forte said at a news conference that the suspect is male and lives in Grandview, a suburb south of the city that is home to the Grandview Triangle, where several highways intersect and where at least six of the reported shootings happened.
Forte didn’t release the name or age of the suspect, saying he hoped to be able to discuss the case in further detail at a news conference Friday.
Read more: The Epoch Times

Poster girls for jihad: Interpol searches for two Austrian teen girls who went to Syria to wage holy war’

By Kieran Corcoran, Daily Mail,  April 19, 014
Interpol is searching for two Austrian teenage girls who they believe were tricked into going to Syria to fight for Islamist rebels.
Samra Kesinovic, 16, and Sabina Selimovic, 15, vanished from their homes in Vienna on April 10.
But the first hint their parents received as to where the girls might have gone was a spate of social media posts claiming they had gone to fight a ‘holy war’.
Austrian muslim teens
‘Never find us’: Messages from the girls, which their parents doubt were really written by them, boasted that they could not be found
But the parents say that they don’t believe the messages are being written by the girls. Authorities suspect they have been tricked into leaving the country.
Samra and Sabina come from Bosnian refugee families who settled in Austria after the ethnic wars of the 1990s, and were born in the country.
Screen Shot 2014-04-19 at 11.52.21 AM Screen Shot 2014-04-19 at 11.52.08 AM
New photos on their Facebook pages show them brandishing Kalashnikov rifles – and in some cases surrounded by armed men.
However, it has since emerged that some of these pictures have been circulated online for years – casting doubt on whether they actually show the girls.
In the latest posting they announced plans to marry so that they could become ‘holy warriors’ and in the messages they say: ‘Death is our goal’.
Their families doubt that the messages were really written by them.
Austrian officials believe that the pair, judging by the scenes around them, are in a training camp and are not only already married, but also already living in the homes of their new husbands.
In Vienna the family admitted that the two had recently started going to a local mosque run by a radical Imam, Ebu Tejma.
The girls’ fathers are reportedly already abroad looking for their daughters, who have not contacted their parents.
The poster girls for jihad: Interpol searches for two Austrian teens ‘who went to Syria to fight for Islamic rebels’
Samra Kesinovic, 16, and Sabina Selimovic, 15, vanished on April 10
Social media posts then began, showing girls in Islamic dress
Interpol believes they have been tricked into going to Syria
Shocking photographs shown one of the girls with AK-47-wielding men
By Kieran Corcoran
Interpol is searching for two Austrian teenage girls who they believe were tricked into going to Syria to fight for Islamist rebels.
Samra Kesinovic, 16, and Sabina Selimovic, 15, vanished from their homes in Vienna on April 10.
But the first hint their parents received as to where the girls might have gone was a spate of social media posts claiming they had gone to fight a ‘holy war’.
Tricked: Samra Kesinovic, 16, is believed to have been spirited away to Syria
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Missing: Sabina Selimovic, 15, has also gone missing, leaving behind worrying messages on social media
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Missing: Samra Kesinovic, left, and Sabinas Selimovic, right, have disappeared, leaving behind Facebook posts showing them in niqabs and wielding assault rifles
‘Never find us’: Messages from the girls, which their parents doubt were really written by them, boasted that they could not be found
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‘Never find us’: Messages from the girls, which their parents doubt were really written by them, boasted that they could not be found
But the parents say that they don’t believe the messages are being written by the girls. Authorities suspect they have been tricked into leaving the country.
Samra and Sabina come from Bosnian refugee families who settled in Austria after the ethnic wars of the 1990s, and were born in the country.
More…
‘I thought my son was in Libya,’ says father of British teenager killed in Syria – whose uncle was held in Guantanamo Bay
US prosecutors reveal how Abu Hamza recruited jihadists to fight against America in terror trial
The Boston bomber’s only contact with the outside world is a solitary call to his family once a week as he lives in isolation without TV or internet
The fighting in Syria continues to be fierce – just today a bomb was detonated in the northern city of Aleppo, destroying buildings and injuring children.
War-torn: Interpol believe the girls have been taken to Syria. Pictured is a man carrying a wounded child after a bombing today in Aleppo, northern Syria
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War-torn: Interpol believe the girls have been taken to Syria. Pictured is a man carrying a wounded child after a bombing today in Aleppo, northern Syria
Damage: Emergency services respond to the bombing in war-torn Aleppo
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Damage: Emergency services respond to the bombing in war-torn Aleppo
Posts: This photograph shows Samra wearing a veil in an unknown location
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‘Tricked’: This photograph, showing Sabina in a hijab, was posted by Interpol investigators looking for the girls
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Posts: Samra, left, and Sabina, right, have posted photographs of themselves in Islamic dress from unknown locations
New photos on their Facebook pages show them brandishing Kalashnikov rifles – and in some cases surrounded by armed men.
However, it has since emerged that some of these pictures have been circulated online for years – casting doubt on whether they actually show the girls.
In the latest posting they announced plans to marry so that they could become ‘holy warriors’ and in the messages they say: ‘Death is our goal’.
Their families doubt that the messages were really written by them.
Austrian officials believe that the pair, judging by the scenes around them, are in a training camp and are not only already married, but also already living in the homes of their new husbands.
In Vienna the family admitted that the two had recently started going to a local mosque run by a radical Imam, Ebu Tejma.
The girls’ fathers are reportedly already abroad looking for their daughters, who have not contacted their parents.
Armed: This image, posted on Facebook, implies that it shows Sabina holding a rifle. However, the image has been available online for years so is unlikely to really show her
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Armed: This image, posted on Facebook, implies that it shows Sabina holding a rifle. However, the image has been available online for years so is unlikely to really show her
‘New life’: This post appears to show the two girls making a determined gesture – however doubts have been raised that it really shows them
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‘New life’: This post appears to show the two girls making a determined gesture – however doubts have been raised that it really shows them
It is thought that they have been sending online messages to their friends speaking of their new lives and boasting that ‘nobody will ever find us’.
Austrian media said the two teenagers had become the public face for the call to jihad in Syria, and alleged that they had been tricked into going to the country in order to publicise the call to arms.
The latest case of young people getting caught up in the Syrian conflict comes after an 18-year-old British man died in Syria – only for his father to reveal he had no idea his son had gone there.
Abdullah Deghayes, 18, from Brighton, East Sussex, was caught up in fighting in Syria. But his father Abubaker said today: ‘At the moment we do not have details of his death. All that we know is that he was killed in Syria. The family is mourning.’
Abdullah was the nephew of former Guantanamo Bay detainee Omar Deghayes.

Obama-backed Jihadists in Syria: ‘Our Youngest Hostage’

Obama-backed Jihadists in Syria: ‘Our Youngest Hostage’

29 Comments
IslamThis is but another snapshot in an endless parade of anti-human atrocities by jihadists in Syria.
Obama is arming these savages. And while both sides are guilty of grotesque atrocities, America should not be underwriting and supporting the jihad. Period. We should be backing the Kurds and the religious minorities fighting for freedom. (Thanks to Raymond Ibrahim)
According to Sham Times and other Arabic websites, jihadi social media networks posted the above picture of a child sitting on the ground while surrounded by armed men pointing their rifles at him.  The caption appearing with the picture, purportedly posted by a supporter of the Free Syrian Army, is “Our youngest hostage from among the hostile sects of Kessab.”
Kessab is a predominantly Christian Armenian village in Syria near the Turkish border.  Earlier it was invaded by jihadis, who terrorized, pillaged churches, and prompted some 2000 residents to flee.  Initial reports had stated that about a dozen families remained as hostages.
Since the picture appeared on social media, many have expressed shock and outrage, condemning the Syrian “rebels,” while others cast doubt on the authenticity of the picture.
The fact remains that the “Free Syrian Army,” along with other “rebel” groups operating in Syria, are guilty of several crimes against humanity — including against women and children.

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France: Muslim unfolds prayer carpet in church and reads Koranic verses during Easter mass


France: Muslim unfolds prayer carpet in church and reads Koranic verses during Easter mass

28 Comments
Screen Shot 2014-04-21 at 12.07.10 PM
This is Islamic supremacism. The religious imperative of destroy and conquer. Are there not enough mosques in France? Too many. And on Easter — it is very much to make a point. We are coming for you. Your religion is false. All of your religious tenets are Islamic. Everyone is really a Muslim, including Jesus, Moses, Abraham et al.
Nothing  will be made of this, of course. But it speaks volumes about the war.
How is this different from Muslim hordes taking over the Gothic church grounds in Milan and Bologna and performing takbir (expansion)?
Easter is just an innovation according to Muslims. via France: Muslim unfolds prayer carpet in church and reads Koranic verses during Easter mass | Diversity Macht Frei (thanks to Creeping)
The worshippers present at the scene were dumbfounded. This Sunday morning, in a collegiate church full to bursting, a man wearing a djellaba and headgear came to pray. He laid a carpet to the left of the altar, while the Easter mass was underway.
The man, visibly disturbed, read verses from the Koran before writing some lines in Arabic in the parish register. After having caused disruption for the first time during the mass on Palm Sunday one week ago in la Bedugue then in the collegiate church, some worshippers had warned the police.
A team came to ask him to leave the premises, calmly. The deputy commissioner, who had been notified of this disruption to public order, insisted on specifying: “We don’t need to generalise. This inappropriate attitude comes from an individual who is clearly disturbed.”
Source: leprogres.fr

Articles of impeachment against AG Eric Holder to be filed

Articles of impeachment against AG Eric Holder to be filed

Nov. 14, 2013 at 10:58 AM   |   0 comments

Attorney General Eric Holder testifies before a Senate Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Subcommittee hearing on the Department of Justices's FY2014 budget request, on Capitol Hill in Washington, D.C. on June 6, 2013. UPI/Kevin Dietsch
| License Photo
WASHINGTON, Nov. 14 (UPI) -- Eleven U.S. House Republicans have drafted articles of impeachment against Attorney General Eric Holder, an action one lawmaker said wasn't done lightly.The lawmakers plan to formally introduce their charges against Holder Thursday, Roll Call reported.
The charges include the Justice Department's refusal to turn over documents on the failed gun-running Operation Fast and Furious, a refusal to uphold certain laws -- specifically the Defense of Marriage Act -- and a refusal to prosecute IRS officials who accessed tax records of political donors and candidates without authorization.
The articles of impeachment also charge that Holder lied to Congress.
Rep. Pete Olson, R-Texas, said the decision wasn't taken lightly.
"Since the House voted in 2012 to hold Attorney General Eric Holder in contempt, the pattern of disregard for the rule of law and refusal to be forthright has continued," Olson said in a statement to Roll Call. "The American people deserve answers and accountability. If the attorney general refuses to provide answers, then Congress must take action."
Olson told Roll Call that he would release the four articles of impeachment Thursday. On Wednesday, he released a document detailing the impeachment claims against Holder.
Article I claims Holder "engaged in a pattern of conduct incompatible with the trust and confidence placed in him" by refusing to comply with a subpoena issued by the House Oversight and Government Reform Committee for documents related to Operation Fast and Furious, which tracked guns crossing the U.S-Mexican border for use by drug cartels. One of the guns was used in the death of U.S. Border Patrol Agent Brian Terry in December 2010.
Article II of the proceedings charges Holder violated his oath by refusing to enforce certain laws the Obama administration determined it would not enforce, including the Defense of Marriage Act, which the administration deemed unconstitutional.
Article III charges Holder violated his oath by "refusing to prosecute individuals involved in the Internal Revenue Service scandal of unauthorized disclosure of tax records belonging to political donors."
The last article accuses Holder of providing "false testimony to the House Judiciary Committee" concerning possible prosecution of Fox News reporter James Rosen under the Espionage Act.
Ten other Republicans are cosponsoring the articles of impeachment, Roll Call said. They are Phil Roe of Tennessee, Ted Yoho of Florida, Lynn Westmoreland of Georgia, Larry Bucshon of Indiana, Michele Bachmann of Minnesota, and Blake Farenthold, Randy Weber, Roger Williams, Bill Flores and Louie Gohmert, all of Texas.
© 2013 United Press International, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Any reproduction, republication, redistribution and/or modification of any UPI content is expressly prohibited without UPI's prior written consent.

Obama Signed “Operation Ring Of Fire” Exec Order For NUKES and MARTIAL LAW

Obama Signed “Operation Ring Of Fire” Exec Order For NUKES and MARTIAL LAW

Sunday, April 28, 2013 7:37
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“The General in the Pentagon…..has held the covert Executive Order in his hands… OBAMA himself signed this Executive order for the nukes to be detonated…”
B4INREMOTE-aHR0cDovLzQuYnAuYmxvZ3Nwb3QuY29tLy1QeU9nX2xnSHE3TS9VWDB4ZW9ybGFhSS9BQUFBQUFBQUtZdy9VcFp1MVpFb2tjby9zMTYwMC9vYmFtYStzaWduczEuanBn
 
By Pamela Rae Schuffert presenting investigative journalism from a Biblical Christian perspective-
 
Truth-4-All@hotmail.com
 

(The following article is a sequel to my recent article about REVELATIONS FROM A NAVY SEAL concerning the plan to bring America at last under martial law, using nukes secretly planted across this nation. I was warned about this years ago, and I wrote articles about this called “OPERATION RING OF FIRE.” He has granted me several interviews before he goes underground to fight the NWO agenda with the Military underground resistance.-PRS)


Late last night my SEAL contact called me to share more. He is sensing his time is short to be able to communicate with me, and he admitted he will be disappearing soon this week. I urged him to do so for his own safety…and for the battle that is to come.

Because of the importance of accuracy in journalism, to the best of my ability, I pressed him once again about this nuke-detonating operation and the date. “How do you know for certain, though, that the military is planning to conduct this operation this on May 5th, 2013?”

I am never comfortable with date-setting, and have told my readers this many times. First of all, if the anticipated event I reported on does not come to pass, it tends to serve to discredit my accuracy in reporting. Readers forget that dates CAN be set, and people can later change their minds for various reasons. It happens all the time, and you and I have done this ourselves at times throughout our lives.

Also, prayer changes things. God can move the hearts of men and change their plans, even as the Bible faithfully records.

Let it be fully understood that I DID NOT SET THIS DATE NOR GIVE IT. It came from my contact, who was assured that this was initially accurate.

My SEAL contact replied that, “The General in the Pentagon that I have been communicating with has held the  covert Executive Order in his hands. OBAMA HIMSELF SIGNED THIS EXECUTIVE ORDER FOR THE NUKES TO BE DETONATED….”

I remember just sitting there in my vehicle, horrified, speechless and in shock. How could any national leader be so evil, as to use those elements in our US military that are supportive of the NWO agenda, to destroy thousands upon thousands of innocent lives in America???

But then, hasn’t Obama been working hard to eliminate from the US military those people who will refuse to fire upon their fellow Americans under a state of martial law? It is the US military who run the very FEMA camps that will someday incarcerate and terminate millions of fellow Americans under martial law. 

Hasn’t DHS been buying up millions of rounds of ammo, and delivering huge military armored vehicles to police departments nationwide, obviously in anticipation of SOMETHING BIG TO HAPPEN IN AMERICA??? I have also received reports of large military convoys moving across this nation in various locations, including just the other day in Washington state.

Clearly, there are those elements throughout the US government and military who are willing to murder their fellow Americans in the name of implementing the NEW WORLD ORDER agenda for America. Let’s look at the mute evidence.

Over 800 FEMA/HOMELAND SECURITY detention ( actually, TERMINATION) camps scattered across America cannot lie. Thousands of PRISONER BOXCARS WITH SHACKLES cannot lie. Thousands of MODERN MILITARY GUILLOTINES stockpiled in  military bases cannot lie. Numerous foreign troops prepositioned throughout America and Canada and Mexico cannot lie. Deadly CHEMTRAILS sweeping through the skies of America cannot lie. Deadly MONSANTO seeds of death for a world population reduction agenda cannot lie. AND SO MUCH MORE.

The truth is, Americans have been marked for DEATH by the NWO planners and by her very own government and military. 9/10th’s of the American people have already been marked for death, in fact, for the globalist population reduction agenda.

The SEAL’s brother, also military and working with him in this covert work, is very ill now from radiation poisoning after the last nuke detecting/disabling operation a month ago. “He feels he is dying from radiation poisoning now…” Christian readers, pray for him. None of this is a hoax or a game. We are dealing with real-life people and the potential for a deadly national crisis to come, and the lives of millions at stake as a result all across America.

My life is obviously on the line completely at this point as well. When you intercept such high level information, and the General mentioned above has already received a death threat and may not even be alive this morning, as my SEAL contact admitted,  I fully realize that my reporting has taken me to a much higher level of danger than ever before. But who can remain silent in this hour, if such information is true??? I cannot.

I am scheduled to go on BLOGTALK RADIO on April 30th, 2013, for two hours. It will be 11 PM EST.I will post more details later today.

I may have a “guest” on the broadcast with me, with the help of voice distortion equipment to protect his identity. My SEAL contact is considering doing this before he disappears. Pray that “the powers that be” do not pull a “Breitbart” on me before this broadcast timeor block the lines of communications (as they did frequently in the past when I had my own radio broadcast  during previous years.)

What is a “BREITBART?” Read the following articles. The US government is getting bolder to terminate people who know too much and talk to much and expose too much. Under the Obama administration, it has reached a new frenzy with percieved “enemies of the state.” The bloodlust of the NWO against her enemies is obviously increasing at a frightening speed, including through the recent staged black ops/false flags.

After Breitbart declared that he was going to expose something publicly regarding Obama, he mysteriously died. An “official explanation” declared it to be of “natural causes.” BEWARE OF “OFFICIAL EXPLANATIONS”. And  his coroner following his death, also died mysteriously. 
 
Many are convinced Breitbart was covertly murdered to silence his upcoming revelations on Obamaand that false evidence was used to cover up his termination to silence him. But why should anyone be surprised? This kind of assassination and cover up tactic happens quite frequently with “enemies of the state.”

As I think about this, I am so thankful that I am a born-again Christian! Yes, they may move to kill me someday, but I do not live in a state of paranoia or fear. Jesus has delivered me from the fear of death. I have been given eternal life through faith in my Savior. I do not fear death nor how it comes. What a wonderful gift He has given me, this gift of peace within!  And the grace to continue in this kind of reporting. It is only by His grace.

Furthermore, Jesus Christ Himself ultimately died for SPEAKING THE TRUTH to His generation. His powerful words and exposing of sin so angered the religious leaders of His day, that He was delivered up by them to be executed. Christians are called to follow Jesus and His example, who did not compromise the truth even when He knew it would ultimately cost His life. HE WAS ON A MISSION FROM GOD from which He could not turn back. 

And as Christians, so are we. There is no turning back.

I am going to do everything I can today to find out if this brave General is still alive following the death threat last night. My SEAL contact admitted he is no longer answering the phone. Pray for him: God knows who he is.

Pray against “OPERATION RING OF FIRE.” It is one thing to write about such an operation so many years ago, when I first received information about this evil plan in 1995. Here are some of the articles written long ago about “OPERATION RING OF FIRE.” While I knew this information about their NWO plans, I never knew the date/time they would finally decide to pull it off someday.

Yellowstone Caldera

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Yellowstone Caldera
Yellowstone River in Hayden Valley.jpg
The northeastern part of Yellowstone Caldera, with the Yellowstone River flowing through Hayden Valley and the caldera rim in the distance
Elevation 10,308 ft (3,142 m) at Mount Sheridan[1]
Location
Location Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA
Range Rocky Mountains
Coordinates 44°24′N 110°42′WCoordinates: 44°24′N 110°42′W
Topo map USGS Yellowstone National Park
Geology
Type Caldera[2] and supervolcano
Age of rock 640,000 years [2]
Last eruption 1350 BC ± 200 years [2]
Climbing
Easiest route Hike/auto/bus
The Yellowstone Caldera is the volcanic caldera and supervolcano located in Yellowstone National Park in the United States, sometimes referred to as the Yellowstone Supervolcano. The caldera is located in the northwest corner of Wyoming, in which the vast majority of the park is contained. The major features of the caldera measure about 34 by 45 miles (55 by 72 km).[3] The caldera formed during the last of three supereruptions over the past 2.1 million years. First came the Huckleberry Ridge eruption 2.1 million years ago, which created the Island Park Caldera and the Huckleberry Ridge Tuff. Next came the Mesa Falls eruption 1.3 million years ago, which created the Henry's Fork Caldera and the Mesa Falls Tuff. Finally came the Lava Creek eruption 640,000 years ago, which created the Yellowstone Caldera and the Lava Creek Tuff.

Volcanism

Yellowstone sits on top of four overlapping calderas. (US NPS)
Volcanism at Yellowstone is relatively recent with calderas that were created during large eruptions that took place 2.1 million, 1.3 million, and 640,000 years ago. The calderas lie over a hotspot where light, hot, molten rock from the mantle rises toward the surface. While the Yellowstone hotspot is now under the Yellowstone Plateau, it previously helped create the eastern Snake River Plain (to the west of Yellowstone) through a series of huge volcanic eruptions. The hotspot appears to move across terrain in the east-northeast direction, but in fact the hotspot is much deeper than terrain and remains stationary while the North American Plate moves west-southwest over it.[4]
Over the past 18 million years or so, this hotspot has generated a succession of violent eruptions and less violent floods of basaltic lava. Together these eruptions have helped create the eastern part of the Snake River Plain from a once-mountainous region. At least a dozen of these eruptions were so massive that they are classified as supereruptions. Volcanic eruptions sometimes empty their stores of magma so swiftly that they cause the overlying land to collapse into the emptied magma chamber, forming a geographic depression called a caldera.
The oldest identified caldera remnant straddles the border near McDermitt, Nevada-Oregon, although there are volcaniclastic piles and arcuate faults that define caldera complexes more than 60 km (37 mi) in diameter in the Carmacks Group of southwest-central Yukon, Canada, which is interpreted to have formed 70 million years ago by the Yellowstone hotspot.[5][6] Progressively younger caldera remnants, most grouped in several overlapping volcanic fields, extend from the Nevada-Oregon border through the eastern Snake River Plain and terminate in the Yellowstone Plateau. One such caldera, the Bruneau-Jarbidge caldera in southern Idaho, was formed between 10 and 12 million years ago, and the event dropped ash to a depth of one foot (30 cm) 1,000 miles (1,600 km) away in northeastern Nebraska and killed large herds of rhinoceros, camel, and other animals at Ashfall Fossil Beds State Historical Park. The USGS estimates there are one or two major caldera-forming eruptions and 100 or so lava extruding eruptions per million years, and "several to many" steam eruptions per century.[7]
The loosely defined term 'supervolcano' has been used to describe volcanic fields that produce exceptionally large volcanic eruptions. Thus defined, the Yellowstone Supervolcano is the volcanic field which produced the latest three supereruptions from the Yellowstone hotspot; it also produced one additional smaller eruption, thereby creating West Thumb Lake[8] 174,000 years ago. The three super eruptions occurred 2.1 million, 1.3 million, and 640,000 years ago, forming the Island Park Caldera, the Henry's Fork Caldera, and Yellowstone calderas, respectively.[9] The Island Park Caldera supereruption (2.1 million years ago), which produced the Huckleberry Ridge Tuff, was the largest and produced 2,500 times as much ash as the 1980 Mount St. Helens eruption. The next biggest supereruption formed the Yellowstone Caldera (640,000 years ago) and produced the Lava Creek Tuff. The Henry's Fork Caldera (1.2 million years ago) produced the smaller Mesa Falls Tuff but is the only caldera from the Snake River Plain-Yellowstone (SRP-Y) hotspot that is plainly visible today.[10]
Non-explosive eruptions of lava and less-violent explosive eruptions have occurred in and near the Yellowstone caldera since the last supereruption.[11][12] The most recent lava flow occurred about 70,000 years ago, while a violent eruption excavated the West Thumb of Lake Yellowstone around 150,000 years ago. Smaller steam explosions occur as well; an explosion 13,800 years ago left a 5 km (3.1 mi) diameter crater at Mary Bay on the edge of Yellowstone Lake (located in the center of the caldera).[13][14] Currently, volcanic activity is exhibited via numerous geothermal vents scattered throughout the region, including the famous Old Faithful Geyser, plus recorded ground swelling indicating ongoing inflation of the underlying magma chamber.
The volcanic eruptions, as well as the continuing geothermal activity, are a result of a great cove of magma located below the caldera's surface. The magma in this cove contains gases that are kept dissolved only by the immense pressure that the magma is under. If the pressure is released to a sufficient degree by some geological shift, then some of the gases bubble out and cause the magma to expand. This can cause a runaway reaction. If the expansion results in further relief of pressure, for example, by blowing crust material off the top of the chamber, the result is a very large gas explosion.
According to the analysis of earthquake data in 2013, the magma chamber is 80 km (50 mi) long and 20 km (12 mi) wide, and is shaped like 4,000 km3 (960 cu mi) underground mass, of which 6–8% is filled with molten rock. This is about 2.5 times bigger than scientists had previously imagined it to be, but the proportion of melt is thought to be much too low to allow a supereruption.[15][16]

Earthquakes

Number of earthquakes in Yellowstone National Park region (1973 – Sep 29, 2012) [17]
Due to the volcanic and tectonic nature of the region, the Yellowstone Caldera experiences between 1000 and 2000 measurable earthquakes a year. Most are relatively minor, measuring a magnitude of 3 or weaker. Occasionally, numerous earthquakes are detected in a relatively short period of time, an event known as an earthquake swarm. In 1985, more than 3000 earthquakes were measured over several months. More than 70 smaller swarms have been detected between 1983 and 2008. The USGS states that these swarms could be caused more by slips on pre-existing faults than by movements of magma or hydrothermal fluids.[18][19]
In December 2008, continuing into January 2009, more than 500 quakes were detected under the northwest end of Yellowstone Lake over a seven day span, with the largest registering a magnitude of 3.9.[20][21] The most recent swarm started in January 2010 after the Haiti earthquake and before the Chile earthquake. With 1620 small earthquakes between January 17, 2010 and February 1, 2010, this swarm was the second largest ever recorded in the Yellowstone Caldera. The largest of these shocks was a magnitude 3.8 on January 21, 2010 at 11:16 PM MST.[19][22] This swarm reached the background levels by February 21. On March 30, 2014, at 6:34 AM MST, a magnitude 4.8 earthquake struck Yellowstone, the largest recorded there since February 1980.[23]

Volcanic hazards

Diagram of the Yellowstone Caldera
The last full-scale eruption of the Yellowstone Supervolcano, the Lava Creek eruption which happened nearly 640,000 years ago,[24] ejected approximately 240 cubic miles (1,000 km3) of rock, dust and volcanic ash into the sky.[14]
Geologists are closely monitoring the rise and fall of the Yellowstone Plateau, which measures on average 0.6 inches (1.5 cm) yearly, as an indication of changes in magma chamber pressure.[25][26]
The upward movement of the Yellowstone caldera floor between 2004 and 2008 — almost 3 inches (7.6 cm) each year — was more than three times greater than ever observed since such measurements began in 1923.[27] From mid-summer 2004 through mid-summer 2008, the land surface within the caldera moved upward as much as 8 inches (20 cm) at the White Lake GPS station.[28][29] By the end of 2009, the uplift had slowed significantly and appeared to have stopped.[30] In January 2010, the USGS stated that "uplift of the Yellowstone Caldera has slowed significantly"[31] and that uplift continues but at a slower pace.[32] The U.S. Geological Survey, University of Utah and National Park Service scientists with the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory maintain that they "see no evidence that another such cataclysmic eruption will occur at Yellowstone in the foreseeable future. Recurrence intervals of these events are neither regular nor predictable."[14] This conclusion was reiterated in December 2013 in the aftermath of the publication of a study by University of Utah scientists finding that the "size of the magma body beneath Yellowstone is significantly larger than had been thought." The Yellowstone Volcano Observatory issued a statement on its website stating,
Although fascinating, the new findings do not imply increased geologic hazards at Yellowstone, and certainly do not increase the chances of a 'supereruption' in the near future. Contrary to some media reports, Yellowstone is not 'overdue' for a supereruption.[33]
Other media reports were more hyperbolic in their coverage.[34]
A study published in GSA Today identified three fault zones that future eruptions are most likely to be centered on.[35] Two of those areas are associated with lava flows aged 174,000–70,000 years, and the third area is a focus of present-day seismicity.[35]

Hydrothermal explosion hazard

Path of the Yellowstone hot spot over the past 16 million years
Studies and analysis may indicate that the greater hazard comes from hydrothermal activity which occurs independently of volcanic activity. Over 20 large craters have been produced in the past 14,000 years, resulting in such features as Mary Bay, Turbid Lake, and Indian Pond which was created in an eruption about 1300 BC.
In a 2003 report, USGS researchers proposed that an earthquake may have displaced more than 77 million cubic feet (2,200,000 m3) (576,000,000 US gallons) of water in Yellowstone Lake, creating colossal waves that unsealed a capped geothermal system leading into the hydrothermal explosion that formed Mary Bay.[36][37]
Further research shows that earthquakes from great distances do reach and have effects upon the activities at Yellowstone, such as the 1992 7.3 magnitude Landers earthquake in California’s Mojave Desert that triggered a swarm of quakes from more than 800 miles (1,300 km) away and the 2002 7.9 magnitude Denali fault earthquake 2,000 miles (3,200 km) away in Alaska that altered the activity of many geysers and hot springs for several months afterward.[38]

Yellowstone hotspot origin

The source of the Yellowstone hotspot is controversial. Some geoscientists hypothesize that the Yellowstone hotspot is the effect of an interaction between local conditions in the lithosphere and upper mantle convection.[39][40] Others suggest a deep mantle origin (mantle plume).[41] Part of the controversy is due to the relatively sudden appearance of the hotspot in the geologic record. Additionally, the Columbia Basalt flows appeared at the same approximate time, causing speculation about their origin.[42]

See also

References

  1. "Mount Sheridan,vbe 3 Wyoming". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved December 31, 2008.
  2. "Yellowstone". Global Volcanism Program, Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved December 31, 2008.
  3. as determined by geological field work conducted by Bob Christiansen of the United States Geological Survey in the 1960s and 1970s.
  4. "Yellowstone Caldera, Wyoming—USGS". Cascade Volcano Observatory. United States Geological Survey. January 22, 2003. Retrieved December 30, 2008.
  5. Johnston, Stephen T.; Wynne, P. Jane; Francis, Don; Hart, Craig J. R.; Enkin, Randolph J.; Engebretson, David C. (1996). "Yellowstone in Yukon: The Late Cretaceous Carmacks Group". Geology 24 (11): 997, 998. Bibcode:1996Geo....24..997J. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0997:YIYTLC>2.3.CO;2.
  6. "Yellowstone hotspot track". Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory. Retrieved June 10, 2010.
  7. Yellowstone Volcanic Hazards, USGS. Volcanoes.usgs.gov (March 1, 2012). Retrieved on December 31, 2013.
  8. West Thumb Lake is not to be confused with West Thumb Geyser Basin. The caldera created West Thumb Lake, and the underlying Yellowstone hotspot keeps West Thumb Geyser Basin active. See Fig. 22. See also File:Yellowstone Caldera map2.JPG.
  9. Newhall, Christopher G.; Dzurisin, Daniel (1988) Historical Unrest at Large Calderas of the World: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1855
  10. This qualitative statement is easily verified by reviewing the Yellowstone area in Google Earth
  11. "Origin and evolution of silicic magmatism at Yellowstone". University of Oregon.
  12. "Secrets of supervolcanoes". University of Oregon.
  13. "Introduction to hydrothermal (steam) explosions in Yellowstone". Yellowstone National Park. Yellowstone Net. Retrieved December 31, 2008.
  14. Lowenstern, Jacob B.; Christiansen, Robert L.; Smith, Robert B.; Morgan, Lisa A.; Heasler, Henry (May 10, 2005). Steam Explosions, Earthquakes, and Volcanic Eruptions—What's in Yellowstone's Future? – U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2005–3024. United States Geological Survey.
  15. Witze, Alexandra (2013). "Large magma reservoir gets bigger". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2013.14036.
  16. "USGS: Volcano Hazards Program - Yellowstone Volcano Observatory Featured Articles Archive". Retrieved April 4, 2014.
  17. "Yellowstone National Park Earthquake listings". Retrieved April 20, 2013.
  18. "Yellowstone Earthquake Swarms". Yellowstone Volcano Observatory. Retrieved January 1, 2009.
  19. "January 2010 Yellowstone Seismicity Summary". Retrieved February 1, 2010.
  20. "Archive of Yellowstone Updates for 2009".
  21. "UUSS Webicorder (Seismogram) at Lake for December 31, 2008". Retrieved January 1, 2009.
  22. Johnson, Kirk (January 31, 2010). "Hundreds of Quakes Are Rattling Yellowstone". The New York Times. Retrieved January 23, 2014.
  23. Zuckerman, Laura. "Yellowstone National Park rattled by largest earthquake in 34 years". Reuters. Retrieved March 31, 2014.
  24. "Undine Falls, Lava Creek, Yellowstone National Park". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved January 2, 2009.
  25. John Timmer (November 8, 2007). "Yellowstone recharges". arstechnica.com. Retrieved November 8, 2007.
  26. Smith, Robert B.; Chang, Wu-Lung; Siegel, Lee (November 8, 2007). "Yellowstone rising: Volcano inflating with molten rock at record rate". University of Utah Public Relations (Press release). EurekAlert! (American Association for the Advancement of Science).
  27. Molten Rock Fills Yellowstone Volcano at Record Rate Newswise, Retrieved on September 2, 2008.
  28. "Recent ups and downs of the Yellowstone Caldera". Yellowstone Volcano Observatory. United States Geological Survey. September 28, 2008. Retrieved December 31, 2008.
  29. Smith, Robert B.; Jordan, Michael; Steinberger, Bernhard; Puskas, Christine M.; Farrell, Jamie; Waite, Gregory P.; Husen, Stephan; Chang, Wu-Lung; O'Connell, Richard (November 20, 2009). "Geodynamics of the Yellowstone hotspot and mantle plume: Seismic and GPS imaging, kinematics and mantle flow". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 188 (1–3): 26–56. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.08.020.
  30. Alert Archive Search. volcanoes.usgs.gov
  31. Current Alerts for U.S. Volcanoes. volcano.wr.usgs.gov
  32. GPS Station: WLWY – Data Products – Time Series Plots. unavco.org
  33. "Monitoring Upgrades Result in New Insight Into Yellowstone's Magma System" (Press release). Yellowstone Volcano Observatory (USGS). December 19, 2013. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
  34. Burnett, Jim (January 1, 2014). "Reactions To Yellowstone Supervolcano Study Ranged From Hysteria To Ho-Hum". National Parks Traveller. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
  35. Richard A. Lovett (September 20, 2012). "Yellowstone Supervolcano Discovery—Where Will It Erupt?". National Geographic.
  36. "Frequently asked questions about recent findings at Yellowstone Lake". Yellowstone Volcano Observatory. United States Geological Survey. September 11, 2008. Retrieved December 31, 2008.
  37. "Tsunami linked to Yellowstone crater". USA Today. January 14, 2008. Retrieved December 31, 2008.
  38. "Quake in Alaska Changed Yellowstone Geysers". University of Utah. May 27, 2004. Retrieved December 31, 2008.
  39. Foulger, Gillian (February 8, 2006). "Yellowstone". MantlePlumes.org. Retrieved February 10, 2008.
  40. Christiansen, Robert L.; Foulger, G.R.; Evans, John R. (2002). "Upper-mantle origin of the Yellowstone hotspot". Geological Society of America Bulletin 114 (10): 1245–1256. Bibcode:2002GSAB..114.1245C. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(2002)114<1245:UMOOTY>2.0.CO;2.
  41. See list of off-line references in mantleplumes.org/CRB.html
  42. Ivanov, Alexei V. (February 7, 2007). "The Columbia River Flood Basalts: Consequence of subduction-related processes". MantlePlumes.org. Retrieved December 31, 2008.

Further reading

  • Breining, Greg (2007). Super Volcano: The Ticking Time Bomb beneath Yellowstone National Park. St. Paul, MN: Voyageur Press. ISBN 978-0-7603-2925-2. "A popularized scientific look at the Yellowstone area's geological past and potential future"
  • Vazquez, J.A.; Reid, M.R. (2002). "Time scales of magma storage and differentiation of voluminous rhyolites at Yellowstone caldera". Contributions to Mineralogy & Petrology (Wyoming) 144 (3): 274–285. Bibcode:2002CoMP..144..274V. doi:10.1007/s00410-002-0400-7.
  • Sutherland, Wayne; Sutherland, Judy (2003). Yellowstone Farewell. Spur Ridge. "A novel looking at an eruption in the Yellowstone Caldera written by a practicing Wyoming geologist. Contains a wealth of technical details on the geology of western Wyoming"

External links