Wednesday, February 13, 2013

I just called Sen. Lindsey Graham (202) 224-5972; and Sen. Jim DeMint (202) 224-6121 my SC Senators in ref MUSLIM BROTHERHOOD infiltration

Senators Lindsey Graham and John McCain fall for the Muslim Brotherhood after just one meeting

Senators Lindsey Graham and John McCain fall for the Muslim Brotherhood after just one meeting

Senator John McCain (R-A.Z.) and Senator Lindsey Graham (R-S.C.) don’t get it.
The two traveled to Egypt recently to discuss the prosecution of American NGO workers. And they left thanking and complimenting the Muslim Brotherhood for (supposedly) helping secure their release and opposing the law used to prosecute them.
Graham used to be a critic of the Brotherhood, as the Wall Street Journal report on their remarks points out. Now, after meeting with the Brotherhood, he says:
“After talking with the Muslim Brotherhood, I was struck by their commitment to change the law because they believe it’s unfair.”
“I was very apprehensive when I heard the [Egyptian] election results. But after visiting and talking with the Muslim Brotherhood I am hopeful that…we can have a relationship with Egypt where the Muslim Brotherhood is a strong political voice.”
McCain likewise said, “We are encouraged by the constructive role played over the past week by the Muslim Brotherhood and its political party, the Freedom and Justice Party. Their statement of February 20 was important in helping to resolve the recent crisis.”
At this point, you’re probably expecting me to list reasons why the Brotherhood is an extremist, terrorism-supporting group. But, there’s a whole other reason to ridicule the opinions of Graham and McCain.
The Muslim Brotherhood supported the prosecution of the American NGOs!
The Brotherhood accuses them of plotting to “destroy Egypt and ruin its society.” The Brotherhood even encouraged the Egyptian government to stand up to U.S. pressure over the matter. The Islamist group is furious at McCain for thanking them.
Ignorance about Islamism is a bi-partisan problem.
Editor’s Note: Last Thursday, Eygpt lifted the travel ban of seven American Non-Govermental Organization (NGO) workers that had been prevented from leaving the country since December. Nine other workers had left earlier. A total “bail” of close to five million dollars was paid, $300,000 for each worker. The workers will be expected to return to Egypt to stand trial unless Eygpt decides to drop all charges against them.
The workers were charged with operating without a license and using illegal foreign funds to foment unrest. However, Prosecutor Khaled Suleiman told Reuters news service that the individuals and their organizations are accused of espionage and being in contact with the CIA as well as providing reports on Egypt to the U.S. State Department.
Fearing arrest, the workers sought refuge in the U.S. Embassy. The travel ban had created an acute crisis in U.S.-Egyptian relations and had put in jeopary the $1.3 billion annual aid the U.S. provides to Egypt.
Click here to read the rest of my RadicalIslam.org blog.
By Ryan Mauro
With thanks to World Threats
Senator John McCain (R-A.Z.) and Senator Lindsey Graham (R-S.C.) don’t get it.
The two traveled to Egypt recently to discuss the prosecution of American NGO workers. And they left thanking and complimenting the Muslim Brotherhood for (supposedly) helping secure their release and opposing the law used to prosecute them.
Graham used to be a critic of the Brotherhood, as the Wall Street Journal report on their remarks points out. Now, after meeting with the Brotherhood, he says:
“After talking with the Muslim Brotherhood, I was struck by their commitment to change the law because they believe it’s unfair.”
“I was very apprehensive when I heard the [Egyptian] election results. But after visiting and talking with the Muslim Brotherhood I am hopeful that…we can have a relationship with Egypt where the Muslim Brotherhood is a strong political voice.”
McCain likewise said, “We are encouraged by the constructive role played over the past week by the Muslim Brotherhood and its political party, the Freedom and Justice Party. Their statement of February 20 was important in helping to resolve the recent crisis.”
At this point, you’re probably expecting me to list reasons why the Brotherhood is an extremist, terrorism-supporting group. But, there’s a whole other reason to ridicule the opinions of Graham and McCain.
The Muslim Brotherhood supported the prosecution of the American NGOs!
The Brotherhood accuses them of plotting to “destroy Egypt and ruin its society.” The Brotherhood even encouraged the Egyptian government to stand up to U.S. pressure over the matter. The Islamist group is furious at McCain for thanking them.
Ignorance about Islamism is a bi-partisan problem.
Editor’s Note: Last Thursday, Eygpt lifted the travel ban of seven American Non-Govermental Organization (NGO) workers that had been prevented from leaving the country since December. Nine other workers had left earlier. A total “bail” of close to five million dollars was paid, $300,000 for each worker. The workers will be expected to return to Egypt to stand trial unless Eygpt decides to drop all charges against them.
The workers were charged with operating without a license and using illegal foreign funds to foment unrest. However, Prosecutor Khaled Suleiman told Reuters news service that the individuals and their organizations are accused of espionage and being in contact with the CIA as well as providing reports on Egypt to the U.S. State Department.
Fearing arrest, the workers sought refuge in the U.S. Embassy. The travel ban had created an acute crisis in U.S.-Egyptian relations and had put in jeopary the $1.3 billion annual aid the U.S. provides to Egypt.
Click here to read the rest of my RadicalIslam.org blog.
By Ryan Mauro
With thanks to World Threats

U.S. Declares Haqqani Network a Terrorist Organisation

U.S. Declares Haqqani Network a Terrorist Organisation

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WASHINGTON, Sep 8 2012 (IPS) - The U.S. State Department on Friday declared the Haqqani network, a militant group based in Pakistan, a “terrorist organisation”.
Secretary of State Hillary Clinton signed the order while in Brunei and also sent a formal report to Congress, two days before a congressional deadline.
Clinton’s statement minces no words in its characterisation of the Haqqani network, a group that has been responsible for deaths and kidnappings of U.S. soldiers, as well as an onslaught of suicide bombings. And while the statement touches on the subject of offering aid to the group – and its consequences – it barely mentions Pakistan.
Such a designation, formally known as a “foreign terrorist organisation”, brings with it a “prohibition against knowingly providing material support or resources to, or engaging in other transactions with, the Haqqani Network, and the freezing of all property and interests in property of the organization that are in the United States.”
Pakistan doesn’t fall into the category, but its exclusion from the statement may have been by design.
“The Pakistani government seems to have signalled that they can live with this decision,” Marvin Weinbaum, a former analyst on Pakistan and Afghanistan in the U.S. Department of State’s Bureau of Intelligence and Research, told IPS.
If Pakistan were to be called out for letting the Haqqani network operate on its territory, a string of events would automatically ensue, thus souring a relationship that, even now, is only barely recovering after a year of significant disagreements.
“The U.S. government is not going to directly involve Pakistan, because then it would imply that the Pakistani government is aiding and abetting the Haqqani network,” Weinbaum said. “That would have to lead to the U.S. putting sanctions on Pakistan.”
In a briefing on Friday, two senior officials from the State Department echoed such analysis, saying they didn’t see Pakistan creating any problems regarding the decision. As one official put it, reconciliation efforts between the two countries would neither be put on hold nor be affected by the new decision.
“Obviously, the last year, year and a half, have been a very difficult time for our bilateral relationship,” the official said. “(Secretary Clinton) has said frequently that it is a challenging and complex but critical relationship … over the coming weeks, we are expecting a series of other important bilateral senior meetings … and this is one issue which we’ve raised many, many times with the Pakistanis and are committed to working with them on.”
The Haqqani network is one of the strongest elements of a tangle of politics, espionage and terrorism, a group allegedly backed by Pakistan’s intelligence agency, Inter Services Intelligence (ISI). Further confusing the equation is the fact that the network’s fighters are fighting with the Pakistani Taliban against the Pakistan Army, offering a complex web of loyalties.
Known for running automobile and construction businesses as fronts for its militant activities, the Haqqani network is thought to have two staunch allies, the ISI and Saudi funders. But Weinbaum doesn’t think that the new U.S. listing will make much of a difference to these ties – or any resulting militant activity.
“Now that the decision has been passed, it will make it difficult for the Haqqani network to get support and funding from open channels,” he says. “It will definitely make it harder, but it won’t stop.”
Weinbaum believes that Clinton’s move was being heavily pushed by the Congress, members of which have become increasingly frustrated at the ease of ability with which the Haqqani fighters and leadership have been operating. Such frustrations have undoubtedly been further stoked given how little the United States has been able to do to slow the group, with close ties to Al-Qaeda.
“The decision doesn’t change anything fundamentally,” Weinbaum says. “But Congress will definitely feel less frustrated now. It’s election year, and as such this is a good move by the State Department.”

The Blind Sheik and Our Mute President

The Blind Sheik and Our Mute President

By Michelle Malkin - January 9, 2013
Egypt's terror-coddling President Mohamed Morsi has repeated his arrogant demand that America free convicted 1993 World Trade Center mastermind Omar Abdel-Rahman. I'd like to report that President Obama repeated his unequivocal rejection of the Muslim Brotherhood leader's entreaties. But as of this writing, no such public statement or restatement yet exists.
That's right. Obama has kept mum about Morsi's vociferous lobbying on behalf of Abdel-Rahman, the "blind sheik," who is serving a life sentence at a maximum-security prison in North Carolina for seditious jihad conspiracy. The commander in chief's silence speaks volumes.
Morsi started publicly haranguing the U.S. to have mercy on the ol' blind sheik back in September. Rep. Peter King, R-N.Y., confirmed to the New York Post at the time that the Egyptian government had "asked for his release" and that the request was being considered by the Obama administration.
Underlings denied any talks were underway, but pressure on the White House had been building since at least last June, when the State Department granted a visa to a member of the radical Egyptian terrorist group Gamaa Islamiyya (the very group the blind sheik is alleged to lead). The Gamaa Islamiyya representative joined an entire delegation of Egyptian lawmakers who met with top State Department and White House officials. They reportedly discussed the possible release of the blind sheik with at least one Obama national security official.
In late August, Gamaa Islamiyya went on to schedule and organize a protest at the Cairo embassy to further ratchet up public pressure to free the blind sheik. Not coincidentally, a terror mob attacked the Cairo embassy on 9/11/12. While Obama minions were busy blaming an obscure YouTube video, the Department of Homeland Security had warned two days before the Cairo attack that jihadists were inciting the "sons of Egypt" to attack the embassy over Abdel-Rahman. "Let your slogan be: No to the American Embassy in Egypt until our detained sheikh is released," the incitement thundered.
Morsi has now amended his plea to include an array of "humane" benefits and visitation privileges for the murderous Islamic cleric "(b)ecause he is a man, an old man, and he deserves full care."
Lest you need reminding, the wily blind sheik has used his visitation privileges to wreak more terror from behind bars. His radical left-wing lawyer Lynne Stewart was convicted in 2005 of helping her client smuggle coded messages of Islamic violence from the imprisoned sheik to outside followers in violation of an explicit pledge to abide by her client's court-ordered isolation.
This "old man" is a virulent anti-American propagandist who condemned Americans as "descendants of apes and pigs who have been feeding from the dining tables of the Zionists, Communists and colonialists," called on Muslims to "destroy" the West, "burn their companies, eliminate their interests, sink their ships, shoot down their planes, kill them on the sea, air or land," and issued bloody fatwas against U.S. "infidels" that inspired the 1993 WTC bombing, the 1997 massacre of Western tourists in Luxor, Egypt, and the 9/11 attacks.
As Republican watchdogs call for Obama to keep the blind sheik locked up, we will no doubt hear more slick protestations that the White House has "no plans" to release the terror preacher. But I'm with Andrew McCarthy, the former assistant U.S. attorney who prosecuted Abdel-Rahman, who warned last fall, "There's no way to believe anything they say."
This is the administration, after all, that endorsed the release of convicted Lockerbie bomber Abdelbaset al-Megrahi, whose terrorist act resulted in the murder of 189 Americans. The Obama White House feigned "surprise" over the release, but documents obtained by The Sunday Times of London in 2010 revealed that the administration "secretly advised Scottish ministers that it would be 'far preferable' to free the Lockerbie bomber than jail him in Libya."
This is the administration whose attorney general was a senior law partner for Gitmo detainee cheerleaders Covington and Burling.
This is the administration that tried to shove Cirque du Jihad civilian trials in NYC down America's throat over objections from 9/11 families and national security experts.
This is the administration that has rolled out the red carpet for scores of visitors belonging to groups serving as fronts for the Muslim Brotherhood, Hamas and other militant Islamic outfits.
This is the administration that lied and blamed pretextual Internet movies for its own dereliction of duty at our consulate in Benghazi, Libya.
This is the administration that suffers from chronic and deadly apologitis when it comes to dealing with the demands of the Religion of Perpetual Outrage.
This is the administration that continues to deny plans to shut down Guantanamo Bay and transfer inmates to the U.S., while it quietly moved forward to purchase the Thomson Correctional Center in western Illinois "to provide humane and secure confinement of individuals held under authority of any Act of Congress," i.e., Gitmo detainees.
Denial is a river that runs through 1600 Pennsylvania Ave., but the Obama administration's tone-deaf acts of jihad-appeasement speak for themselves. Concern is more than warranted. It's de rigueur. 
Copyright 2013, Creators Syndicate Inc.

Civilization Jihad: The Islamization of YOUR Kids in America’s Schools Read more: http://janmorganmedia.com/2013/02/civilization-jihad-the-islamization-of-your-kids-in-americas-schools/#ixzz2KpBD2oBV

In light of the attacks on and after 9/11, you would think the current administration would use a little prudence if they were sincerely concerned about a radical Muslim threat.
When Obama took his oath of office, he instead defied America in numerous ways. He has given $1.5 billion to Muslim-led Egypt in foreign aid, shortly after the Muslim Brotherhood declared war on the United States. He has now offered them sixteen F-16s and 200 military tanks.
This is the same man that said America is “no longer a Christian nation” (though it is), followed by a reference that America may be described as a Muslim nation.
Muslim Indoctrination in Public Schools
Interestingly enough, in recent years American public schools have been indoctrinated with the Muslim religion. Studies have shown over 500 historical errors in public school textbooks, giving an Islamic slant to our youth.
As a result, our youth are subject to the following teachings and practices:
* Learning to become a Muslim
* Fasting for Ramadan
* Learning the five pillars of Islam
* Memorizing verses of the Quran
* Adopting a Muslim name
* Staging a Jihad (war against non-Muslims)
How did this happen? The ACLU, the American Muslim Council, Americans United for Separation of Church and State, and the Clinton administration joined together to create an environment that opened the door to Muslim teaching, while attacking anyone who speaks of the Christian religion in public schools.
Hence, you see some courts backing the Muslim agenda when, for example, a school in California is teaching their students a three-week course that essentially requires them to become a Muslim for that period of time!
To prove my point, a representative from the American Muslim Council, Abdul Rahman Al-Amoudi, today serves a 23-year prison sentence for being one of the top fundraisers of al-Qaida in the U.S.
In addition, there are over 225 Muslim schools in the U.S. and around 50,000 children who are being taught to, and I quote Brigitte Gabriel with ACT! For America, “foster an environment of hate, loathing, and resentment toward Western culture, Christians, Jews, Shiites, secular Muslims, and non-Muslims.”
Muslim Infiltration in Universities
Saudis have taken advantage of the Title VI program that our government implemented after World War II for the education of young Americans about foreign cultures and languages.
How? They are using their riches from oil to pump millions of dollars into our universities to appoint Arab professors in departments such as political science, Middle East studies, etc. who are brainwashing American students with an anti-American point of view. They teach that Americans are the problem; that America’s foreign policy is the problem; that America’s wealth, enlightenment, and success are oppressing the rest of the world.
This explains why Obama is apologizing to other nations. This is why this anti-American curriculum has sneaked its way into our schools. This is also why the ACLU quickly represents Muslims while refusing to defend Christians who practice their faith … in public schools.
Read more from Bradlee Dean at Patriot Update

The War Scroll

The War Scroll

Click to examine the scroll.
The War of the Sons of Light against the Sons of Darkness Scroll (1QM)  •  Qumran, Cave 1  •  1st century BCE - 1st century CE  •  Parchment  •  H: 15-16; L: 279 cm  •  The Hebrew University of Jerusalem   •  Accession number: 96.84/210
The War Scroll (1QM), popularly known as "The War of the Sons of Light Against the Sons of Darkness," is one of the seven original Dead Sea Scrolls discovered in Qumran in 1947. It contains 19 columns (originally there were at least twenty), of which the first 14–19 lines (out of at least 21–22) are preserved. The work is written in Hebrew in a square Herodian script and is dated to the late first century BCE or early first century CE. Seven additional fragments (4Q491-497) with similar contents have also been found, but the relationship between these texts to 1QM is not entirely clear; they may represent an earlier version of the War Scroll, or source materials on which the War Scroll was based.
Against the backdrop of a long biblical tradition concerning a final war at the End of Days (Ezekiel 38–39; Daniel 7–12), this scroll describes a seven stage, dualistic confrontation between the "Sons of Light" (the term used by Community members to refer to themselves), under the leadership of the "Prince of Light" (also called Michael, the Archangel) – and the "Sons of Darkness" (a nickname for the enemies of the Community, Jews and non-Jews alike), aided by a nation called the Kittim (Romans?), headed by Belial. The confrontation would last 49 years, terminating in the victory of the "Sons of Light" and the restoration of the Temple service and sacrifices. The War Scroll describes battle arrays, weaponry, the ages of the participants, and military maneuvers, recalling Hellenistic and Roman military manuals.
This work is not, strictly speaking, an apocalypse (namely, a heavenly revelation), and it lacks a "messianic" figure. Certain details, such as the advanced age of the combatants and the leadership of the priests, point to the idealistic nature of the war described in the work and impart a fictional quality to the treatise. Nonetheless, the War Scroll may indeed reflect genuine political tension in Judea between Romans and Jews, which would culminate in the outbreak of revolt in 66 CE. The scroll also sheds light on the New Testament Book of Revelation, in which a final war is also described between earthly and heavenly forces.

War of the Sons of Light Against the Sons of Darkness

War of the Sons of Light Against the Sons of Darkness

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The War Scroll, found in Qumran Cave 1.
The War of the Sons of Light Against the Sons of Darkness, also known as "War Rule", "Rule of War", and the "War Scroll", is a manual for military organization and strategy that was discovered among the Dead Sea Scrolls. The manuscript was among the scrolls found in Qumran Cave 1 acquired by the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and first published by Eleazar Sukenik in 1955.[1] The document is made up of various scrolls and fragments including 1QM, and 4Q491-497.[2] It is possible that The War of the Messiah is the conclusion to this document.[3] The 4Q491-497 fragments were published by Baillet in Discoveries in the Judean Desert, 7 and comprise a shorter recension of the War Scroll.[4]

Contents

About the scroll

Date, genre, and authorship

Two time periods have been put forward and defended as the most probable time of composition: the Seleucid period and the Roman period.[5] The Seleucid period proposals include the very beginning of the Maccabean Revolt (165 or 164 BCE), the height of Jonathan’s military power (143 BCE), and the reign of John Hyrcanus (135-104 BCE).[6] The scholars that believe that the date of composition occurred during the Roman period put forward a date from the middle of the first century BCE to the first decade of the first century CE.[7] The War Scroll’s description of the weaponry and tactics led Yigael Yadin to assign the composition of the scroll to a date between the capture of Jerusalem by Pompey (65 BCE) and the death of Herod (4 BCE).[8] More recently, author Russell Gmirkin in The War Scroll and Roman Weaponry Reconsidered disagrees with Yadin's analysis and assigns the weaponry described in the War Scroll to the second century BCE. Lt. Col. Peter Fromm (US Army Ret.) sides with Gmirkin also assigning the army and weaponry described in the War Scroll to the second century BCE.[9]
Scholars have been unable to determine the exact author of the text. The unity and cohesiveness of the manuscript, however, leads some, such as Jean Carmignac and Yigael Yadin, to believe that it was written or compiled by a single writer.[10]
In modern times, the genre of 1QM has been described as apocalyptic literature, though some translators and interpreters contend that it actually a part of sectarian liturgy. Jean Duhaime believes that it was probably classified as a part of the serek (rule) texts developed by the Qumranites.[11]

Contents

The Shrine of the Book, a wing of the Israel Museum in Jerusalem, is built to symbolize the scroll - The shrine is built as a white dome symbolizing the Sons of Light, and a black basalt wall - symbolizing the Sons of Darkness.
These scrolls contain an apocalyptic prophecy of a war between the Sons of Light and the Sons of Darkness. The war is first described as an attack by the Sons of Light, consisting of the sons of Levi, the sons of Judah, and the sons of Benjamin, and the exiled of the desert, against Edom, Moab, the sons of Ammon, the Amalekites, Philistia, and the Kittim of Asshur (referred to as the army of Belial), and [those who assist them from among the wicked] who "violate the covenant."[12] In the end, all of Darkness is to be destroyed and Light will live in peace for all eternity. The war is then described again as a conflict between the congregation of God and the congregation of men. The rest of the document is a detailed description of the events of the war and the ways in which it should be conducted. Yigael Yadin and Géza Vermes have argued that the descriptions of the armament, equipment, and formation of the Sons of Light suggest a basis in Roman methods of warfare.[13]

Structure

1QM consists of 19 columns, of which the first 14-19 lines of each have been preserved.[14]
i. Summarizes the war between the “Sons of Light” and “Sons of Darkness.”
ii-ix. Deals with the battles between the tribes in greater detail, telling of a total forty years of combat. Columns iii-iv deal almost exclusively with the inscriptions meant to be displays on banners, trumpets, darts, etc.
x-xiv. A number of liturgical pieces.
xv-xix. Describes the seven-stage battle, led by the priests, between Light and Darkness. The battle is finally won by divine intervention.[15]
Because xv-xix is believed to describe the war which took place in the first seven years of the forty year war, many scholars feel that, at one time, more columns existed.[16]

Links with other scrolls

Scholars have been disappointed to find very few connections between 1QM and the other war-related texts and the rest of the Dead Sea Scrolls. There were, however, a number of notable links that can be made. In the Community Rule (1QS), for example, the theme of a binary opposition between Light and Dark can be seen. Both include dualistic blessing and cursing liturgies. The “congregation of Israel” in its organization within 1QM can be compared to the Rule of the Congregation (1QSa), as it is described as being broken into thousands, hundreds, fifties and tens, with age limits listed for specific types of service within ranks.[17]

Further reading

  • Collins, John Joseph. 1998. The Apocalyptic Imagination: An Introduction to Jewish Apocalyptic Literature. Grand Rapids, Mich: William B. Eerdmans.
  • Duhaime, Jean. 2004. The War Texts: 1QM and Related Manuscripts. T & T Clark International, London.
  • Schultz, Brian. Conquering the World: the War Scroll (1QM) Reconsidered. Leiden & Boston: Brill, 2009
  • Segal, Alan F. 1986. Rebecca's Children: Judaism and Christianity in the Roman World. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.
  • Wise, Michael, Martin Abegg Jr., & Edward Cook. 1996. The Dead Sea Scrolls: A New Translation. Harper. San Francisco.
  • Yadin, Yigael. “The Scroll of the War of the Sons of Light against the Sons of Darkness.” Translated by B. and C. Rabin. Oxford, 1962.

References

  1. ^ Schiffman, Lawrence H., and James C. VanderKam. 2000. Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea scrolls. New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press.
  2. ^ Schiffman, Lawrence H., and James C. VanderKam. 2000. Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea scrolls. New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press.
  3. ^ ISBN 0-06-076662-X pp. 368-371
  4. ^ Schiffman, Lawrence H., and James C. VanderKam. 2000. Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea scrolls. New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press.
  5. ^ Rost, Leonhard. 1976. Judaism outside the Hebrew canon: an introduction to the documents. Nashville: Abingdon.
  6. ^ Wenthe, Dean O. “The Use of the Hebrew Scriptures in 1QM.” Dead Sea Discoveries Vol. 5, No. 3 (Nov., 1998), pp. 290-319
  7. ^ Wenthe, Dean O. “The Use of the Hebrew Scriptures in 1QM.” Dead Sea Discoveries Vol. 5, No. 3 (Nov., 1998), pp. 290-319
  8. ^ Schiffman, Lawrence H., and James C. VanderKam. 2000. Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea scrolls. New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press.
  9. ^ Dating the Army of the War Scroll (May, 2012).
  10. ^ Schiffman, Lawrence H., and James C. VanderKam. 2000. Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea scrolls. New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press.
  11. ^ Duhaime, Jean. 2007. “The War Texts: 1QM and Related Manuscripts.” Continuum International Publishing Group. London, p. 53
  12. ^ Lawrence H. Schiffman. 1998. "Texts and Traditions: A Source Reader for the Study of Second Temple and Rabbinic Judaism." Ktav. Hoboken, NJ, p. 359
  13. ^ Vermes, Géza. The Complete Dead Sea Scrolls in English. Penguin, 2004. ISBN 978-0-14-044952-5. p 164-165
  14. ^ Schiffman, Lawrence H., and James C. VanderKam. 2000. Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea scrolls. New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press.
  15. ^ Schiffman, Lawrence H., and James C. VanderKam. 2000. Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea scrolls. New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press.
  16. ^ Schiffman, Lawrence H., and James C. VanderKam. 2000. Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea scrolls. New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press.
  17. ^ Schiffman, Lawrence H., and James C. VanderKam. 2000. Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea scrolls. New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press.

External links